Private Health Insurance In Kenya Economics Essay

Private Health Insurance In Kenya Economics Essay Protection is a course of action by which one gathering The safety net provider vows to pay another gathering the safeguarded or strategy holder a whole of cash if something happens which makes the guaranteed endure money related deficit (Diacon.S.R and Carter R.L, 1998) In the previous scarcely any years, private medical coverage segment in Kenya has been recorded as the most noteworthy shortfall making protection class with deficit proportions of 74.0 percent, 80.4 percent , 81.5 percent and 83.5 percent in 2008, 2009 2010 and 2011 individually (AKI report, 2011). Private medical coverage has kept on performing ineffectively in the year 2011, posting lost 650 Million contrasted with lost Kshs. 530 Million in the earlier year. As indicated by the Association of Kenya Insurers (2011), just four out of the 20 Private medical coverage suppliers in Kenya made an endorsing benefit in 2011, the four incorporate General Accident Insurance Company, Jubilee Insurance Company, Mercantile Insurance Company and Real Insurance Company. The part has the most noteworthy deficit proportion in the business of 83.5% with net earned premiums coming to KES 8.9bn (US$74.5mn) and net brought about cases came to KES 5.4 bn (US$60.6mn). This pattern has been reliable throughout the previous 4 years 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011, with all signs that 2012 will likewise be a misfortune, a circumstance has incited the Private medical coverage premiums to be expanded every now and then yet the circumstance has not been improved a lot, it is along these lines basic to inspect the difficulties confronting Private health care coverage organizations and their impact on business execution with a perspective on illuminating future protection strategy detailing. This examination will look to explore the cchallenges confronting insurance agencies in the arrangement of Private Health protection and their impact on business execution since this area is a significant one for the financial advancement of the Nation henceforth the need to watch it. This part presents the foundation of the investigation, proclamation of the issue, reason for the examination, research goals, research questions, avocation of the investigation, hugeness of the investigation, suppositions confinements and delimitations, meaning of terms and section rundown. 1.1 Background of the Study Medical coverage is a type of cooperation by methods for which individuals on the whole pool their hazard, for this situation the danger of causing clinical costs. It is an agreement between an insurance agency and an individual or a support as a business. The agreement can be sustainable yearly or month to month contingent upon the understanding between the gatherings in that agreement. The sort and measure of medicinal services costs that will be secured by the health care coverage organization are determined ahead of time, in the part strategy contract. The significance of medical coverage can't be belittled in any economy. As saw by Wasow and Hill (1986) who contended that medical coverage is a significant channel for budgetary capital amassing. Medical coverage organizations strategies offer approaches, which are bought solely to secure the client against hazard. They frequently include considerable reserve funds. This is on the grounds that Insurance organizations must gather saves against foreseen future cases which accommodate huge aggregates of cash, which can be loan to people, the administration, trade and industry. As indicated by the World wellbeing Organization (World Health Report, 2008), access to social insurance is the privilege of each person. Governments everywhere throughout the world have along these lines embraced different projects so as to understand this target. The Government of Kenya has likewise not been abandoned on this as Kenya is a signatory to the Abuja Declaration (Institute of Policy and Research, 2005) which requires its signatory part states to spend at any rate 15% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on human services. As of the year 2009, Kenya burned through 9% of her GDP on social insurance which was far beneath the suggested extent (IPAR, 2005). Medical coverage plans are an inexorably perceived factor as a device to fund medicinal services arrangement in low and center pay nations. Given the high dormant interest from individuals for human services administrations of a decent quality and the extraordinary under-use of wellbeing administrations in a few nations, it has been contended that social medical coverage may improve the entrance to medicinal services of worthy quality. While elective types of human services financing and cost recuperation systems like client charges have been vigorously censured, the choice of protection is by all accounts a promising option as it is a likelihood to pool hazard moving, unforeseeable medicinal services expenses to fixed premiums. Private medical coverage is viewed as private when the outsider (safety net provider) is a benefit looking for association, for example, the private insurance agencies. In Private Health protection, individuals pay premiums identified with the normal expense of wellbeing administrations to be given to them. In this manner, individuals who are in high wellbeing hazard bunches pay more, and those at okay save money. Enrollment to a private protection conspire is typically intentional and is exclusively founded on the choice of the guaranteed. Private Health protection has been offered by general protection firms as one of their arrangement of items. One of the general objectives of the Government of Kenya is to advance and improve the wellbeing status of all Kenyans by making wellbeing administrations increasingly productive, accessible and reasonable. The significance of Private medical coverage in the arrangement and use of social insurance can't be overemphasized. Financing for social insurance has become a helpful obligation shared among the administration, managers, and insurance agencies in view of the significance of the administration and the increasing expenses of clinical administrations. This makes Private medical coverage one of the most huge instruments to keep up a sound workforce to drive the economy. Private medical coverage inclusion is given by open and private sources. Open sources incorporate National Hospital Insurance Fund while private sources incorporate private insurance agencies, for example, APA insurance agency Kenya constrained, UAP Insurance Company restricted, Jubilee Insurance Company and Madison Insurance among others 1.1.1 Private medical coverage Medical coverage is an institutional and money related component that helps family units and private people to put aside budgetary assets to meet expenses of clinical consideration in occasion of ailment. It depends on the rule of pooling reserves and entrusting the board of such assets to an outsider that pays for human services expenses of individuals who add to the pool. The outsider can be government, business, insurance agency or a supplier (Kraushaar, 1994). Wangombe et al., (1994) distinguish two classes of private medical coverage in Kenya: direct private medical coverage and, work based protection. Direct private medical coverage is over the top expensive and just the center and high-salary bunches bear the cost of it (Nderitu, 2002). In the work based plans, the business gives care straightforwardly through boss possessed nearby wellbeing office, or through manager contracts with wellbeing offices or human services associations. These are both intentional wellbeing plans and are not enacted by the administration. 1.1.2 Private Health Insurance in Kenya As per the AKI report (2011) there was 47 licenses insurance agencies with 20 organizations authorized to practice and deal medical coverage items. There are extra 23 clinical Insurance suppliers (MIPs) which are a greater amount of oversaw care association. The absolute premiums for private clinical protection in 2011 were over 8.3 billion with claims proportion at 83.5 percent. Private medical coverage represents 15 percent of the gross all out premium for all protection items in 2011. As per the World Bank working paper number 193 (2010), the medical coverage entrance remains at 2 percent with around 600,000 individuals guaranteed with open protection and more than 2 million safeguarded under the open protection NHIF In the previous hardly any years, private medical coverage part in Kenya has been recorded as the most noteworthy misfortune making protection class with misfortune proportions of 74.0 percent, 80.4 percent , 81.5 percent and 83.5 percent in 2008, 2009 2010 and 2011 individually (AKI report, 2011). Private medical coverage has kept on performing inadequately in the year 2011, posting lost 650 Million contrasted with lost Kshs. 530 Million in the earlier year. As indicated by the Association of Kenya Insurers (2011), just four out of the 20 Private Health Insurance suppliers in Kenya made a guaranteeing benefit in 2011, the four incorporate General Accident Insurance Company, Jubilee Insurance Company, Mercantile Insurance Company and Real Insurance Company. The part has the most elevated shortfall proportion in the business of 83.5% with net earned premiums coming to KES 8.9bn (US$74.5mn) and net brought about cases came to KES 5.4 bn (US$60.6mn). 1.2 Statement of the Problem Notwithstanding various endeavors and techniques by insurance agencies to augment benefit, private medical coverage has been performing ineffectively The protection business in Kenya is encountering assorted difficulties, key among them being the poor open impression of protection (AKI Report, 2011 in spite of being the most elevated misfortune making class among different classes of protection. In the previous scarcely any years, private medical coverage division in Kenya has been the most noteworthy misfortune making class with misfortune proportions of 74.0 percent, 80.4 percent, 81.5 and 83.5per penny in 2008, 2009 2010 and 2011 individually (AKI report, 2011). Private medical coverage has kept on performing ineffectively in the year 2011, posting lost 650 Million contrasted with lost Kshs. 530 Million in the earlier year. As per the Association of Kenya Insurers (2011), just four out of the 20 Private medical coverage suppliers in Kenya made an endorsing benefit in 2011. The are a has the most elevated shortfall proportion in the business of 83.5% with net earned premiu

Pathogens Compendium for outbreak investigations

Question: Depict about the Pathogens Compendium for episode examinations. Answer: 1) Post and examine your understanding of the information of the finished meetings Out of the 25 individuals who went to the goodbye party, information for 19 individuals are accessible. Out of the 19, 16 of them are accounted for debilitated inside a normal of 9 hours 20 minutes. Those wiped out had devoured meat of some structure served at the gathering. Those announced solid havent expended meat aside from chicken curry by one of them. The flare-up can't be ascribed to rice or bread with plunges (p = 0.53; RR = 1; 95% CI = 0.6-2.1) or to rough street (p = 0.57; RR = 0.8 95% CI = 0.6-1.0) as the majority of the members who are wiped out and wellbeing devoured both. The information focuses towards conceivable connection with the utilization of meat. Count of chi square utilizing the information of the individuals who devoured meat and fell wiped out (n=16), expended meat and sound (n=1) and those devoured veg food and wiped out or solid (n=0 or n=2) we found that utilization of meat brought about being wiped out (p = 0.0175; RR =3; 95% CI, 0.6-14.8). 2) Which pathogen is suspected? As indicated by information introduced and dissected we reached the resolution that utilization of meat is the most conceivable reason for the episode. Estimation of normal brooding period is around 9 hours. With the assortment of occasions that occurred we likewise that food was served cold and appear to be cooked ahead of time and put away in coolers. The entire situation focuses to a microbial pollution and not simply food contamination by metals or corruption of food, which are potential reasons for loose bowels. Out of the information accessible for 19 individuals who took an interest in the goodbye party 16 expended meat and 16 of them experienced sickness, looseness of the bowels which isn't related with fever. Presently concerning the information accessible with Food borne pathogen abridgment (Queensland Govt.) the most probable causative operator of the episode is Clostridium perfringens which coordinates the hatching time frame and malady side effects (McClane, 2003). Be th at as it may, an exact examination by breaking down the food test and stool of the individuals who are enduring will give a convincing thought of the causative operator. References: Queensland Government; Foodborne Pathogens Compendium for episode examinations 2010; Retrieved on 10 October 2016, https://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/records/cdb/30586.pdf. McClane, B. A. (2003). Clostridium perfringens. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-NEW YORK-MARCEL DEKKER-, 91-104.

What You Need to Know About Selling Essays For Sale Online

What You Need to Know About Selling Essays For Sale OnlineAre you a person who is contemplating on taking up this task of selling essays for sale online? In this article, I am going to help you out by giving you the inside scoop on some things that you need to know about this online business.Essays for sale online is quite a new concept in the world of e-commerce. The concept of selling such items online has been prevalent since some years now. And, as you are aware, e-commerce has changed the face of business too.If you have decided to become an online seller of essays for sale, then you need to take all the necessary steps that you can do to increase your business. It is through increasing your business that you can begin to earn a lot of money.Before you start, you need to choose the type of essay that you want to sell. For those who are still studying, you can choose topics that you feel that you have the ability to write. By this, you will be able to get more opportunities in se lling these essays. If you feel that you cannot write the type of topic that you want to sell, then you can always consider writing an essay that is related to the product that you want to sell.Another great way to increase your income is to put up advertisements on various websites that are related to your topic or even reviews for the different products that you want to sell. By doing this, you will be able to attract more traffic to your website.You also need to make sure that your essays are of the highest quality. It is through quality that you can easily attract potential buyers and make them interested in buying your essay. You must also ensure that your website is visually appealing so that buyers can easily find your essay within the few seconds that they want to spend.In addition, when you are writing essays for sale online, you need to make sure that your words are well organized. You must also make sure that you have taken the help of a professional copywriter so that yo ur writing is well organized and easy to read.By all means, sell your essays online if you want to make big money. But first you need to learn how to sell essays for sale online and you can do so by following the tips mentioned above.

Facebook A Non Replicable Competitive Advantage

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Narrative Technique in DeLillo’s White Noise Essay

Narrative Technique in DeLillo’s White Noise American literature has evolved extensively over the course of the history of the republic, from the Puritan sermons which emphasized the importance of a solid individual relationship between the individual self and the omnipotent God to the parody of relativism we find in Joseph Heller’s Catch-22. One of the recurring concerns of American fiction, though by no means restricted to American writing, is the position of the self with regard to the other, whether manifest as God, nature, the community, or another individual. Since at least the Modernist period, writers have explored the definitions and relationships of the self formally as well as thematically and narratively. Don DeLillo’s†¦show more content†¦Frank Lentricchia has written in detail of the postmodern narrative technique of movement from a first-person subjectivity to a third-person objectivity as integral to the American experience. 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Problems of the Food System Essay - 2113 Words

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Money and Capital Market Analysis Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Money and Capital Market Analysis. Answer: Introduction The report provides a background to the understanding of the money and capital markets and financial institutional risk. It has a relation with the case that led to the collapse of the Barings and the same was due to the unauthorized trading and losses approaches carried by Nick Leeson in the derivatives market of the bank. Background of the case (Collapse of the Barings) The case is related with the collapse of the oldest merchant bank of Britain i.e. Baring Futures that collapsed in the year 1995 after landing in the debts of S$1.4 billion that was made by the one and only trustworthy employee named Nick Leeson. The Bank had been operating for around 233 years but the single handed company i.e. management by Nick led to the collapse. The major features of the case are as follows: Leeson was thought to be the most trustworthy employee because in the initial stages of joining the bank made high amount of contributions that were a result of the unauthorized trades of speculation and the same had led to 10% profits of the bank in 1993 (Abid Ahmed, 2014). On losing the amounts, he hid them and kept in a hidden account that was known as error account 88888. The auditors were kept away by hiding all the important documents of the banks. The losses of the bank had been almost half of its total capital in the year 1994 but still he did not disclose the same in any manner possible. He undertook the use of straddle i.e. part of the option trading on both the Singapore and Nikkei Stock Exchange by betting a drop of around 19000 points but, he lost around 7% per week due to the unexpected earthquake. The confidence of the bank on Nick did not lower down as they were not aware about the risks that were possessed by the bank. Leeson had been active and accurately made false declarations to the regulatory authorities that led to the accumulation of the losses for the avoidance of the margin call. The bank was benefitted from Bank of England even after the rule being that a bank could not lend an amount of more than 25% of the total capital to the other entity. But, after the Nick got aware that the final losses of S$2.2 million will not be recovered in the year 1995, he fled and after several attempts made to rescue, he was detained. Thus, the whole scenario led to the collapse of the bank that had been ruling for 223 years as the debt had exceeded the total owned capital of the bank (Bodur, 2012). It was after the occurrence of the Baring Case that there were strict management and actions taken to product the trading and losses under the futures and options contracts. Future Contracts and the principle behind it The major points are as follows: The contracts has a legal binding among two parties for buying and selling commodities of specified nature at a date specified in future that is identified in the present date. They allow the management and speculators to gain from the movement in the prices as it provides liquidity. The future contracts are offered by the exchanges in the future and thus the same provides a range of contracts for the management of the risks There are short, medium and longer term rates of interests for hedging the same and speculating the losses and avoiding them before hand (Chui, 2012). Basic rule that determines the timing of the various transactions RULE The basic rule is that while establishing the strategy of hedging that was also carried out in the Nick Baring case that undertook the help of the straddle option to hedge the losses is as follows: Conduct a dealing or transaction in todays date in the future market that will have a correspondence with the intention of the trader in the future date. In the case of the Baring Collapse case, Nick had hedged the losses in the stock exchanges of Singapore and Nikkei and put a bet that there will be a fall of 19000 points in the Nikkei exchange. But, the same turned upside down after the unexpected occurrence of the earthquake. Thus, the intention of having a future dealing by conducting at the present date determines a contract (Hamilton Micklethwait, 2016). PROCEDURE The procedures involved in buying the future contract are as below: The contracts get traded on formal platforms like the SFE exchanges There will be a broker who will help in placing the market order of buying or selling The dealings can be performed in open like the CBOT or in close electronic platforms like SFE The modern age use the approach of electronic trading systems and not open ones that automatically undertakes the matching of buy or sale. The records of the trading is conducted and the transactions are granted by the clearing houses There is a margin that represents the coverage of the adversity in the movement of the prices with which the contracts have been performed. There will be a daily system of carrying out of the mark to market rule by the clearing houses. A maintenance margin is maintained for saving the clients in cases where the movement of prices had gone against the client (Johal et al., 2012) Implications of being long and short The implication of being long in terms of future contracts represents the situation that the trader going long will possibly incur more losses in case of the fall in the underlying asset of the contract. The implication of being long in terms of future contracts represents the situation that the trader going short will possibly incur more gains in case of the rise in the underlying asset of the contract. Procedures for closing out positions prior to delivery The cases and the procedures are as under: In case of the closing out of the client before the date of the expiry, there is an undertaking of an opposite contract A long position is a buy contract of futures that intents to buy forward and the same is closed out by selling another contract with the same date of expiry and commodity A short position is a sale contract of futures that intents to sell forward and the same is closed out by buying another contract with the same date of expiry and commodity (Lui, 2012) Failure of the Barings management The management of the Baring Bank was inefficient and ineffective in its operations and functioning of its management system due to the following reasons: Nick had been adopting the system the putting off the losses in an account 88888 that was never identified by the management due the lack of proficiency and practice of expertise and due diligence The management system never took any steps to identify that there have been steps taken by Nick to hide the important and significant documents from the auditors to check the actual transactions and dealing occurring within the organization (Moosa Silvapulle, 2012) Risk management Nature of risk The risk is the possibility of unexpected or unanticipated occurrences that may occur within the company and it leads to an addition of ambiguity to the management of the business. It has an exposure towards both operational and financial operations. The risks and threats are a basic and fundamental part of every organization and the management of the same is a must for every entities. The risk of increasing debts exceeding more than the capital can lead to the loss of the going concern of the entire corporation as was seen in the case of the Barings collapse due to the misappropriation of the trading deals and losses by Nike the derivative trader of the Bank (Ojo, 2016). Purpose of risk management Risk management is an effective measure that is solely undertaken for the effective control and management of the going concern capacity and continuation of an entity. The risks must be identified in the initial stages and accurately assessed and evaluated to get an outline of the risks possessed by the company. By making an outline and approach, a corporation can maintain its position and safeguard itself from the vulnerability to the hazardous elements and threats present in the environment of the business organization (Persaud, 2014). Thus, the main purposes include: Assurance about the organization getting aware of the risks within the business operations Assurance about the personnel considering the outcomes of risk that are drawn from their decision making processes Establishment of a strong and healthy risk management objectives, policies, procedures and strategies to safeguard from a wide range of the risk exposures Responsibility for the establishment of risk management The responsibility of the establishment of risk management lies on the following: Board of directors those having charge to determine and document the objectives of management of risks The CEO i.e. chief executive officer and executive management are equally responsible towards the establishment of the procedures and strategies of the management of risks along with the structures of reporting of the same (Reason, 2016). The responsibility for the establishment of risk management objectives, policies, procedures and strategies in a corporation lays on the management system of the company i.e. the board of directors. The administrative forces and authorities are liable and accountable to present a plan and scenario of presenting the strategies to manage and safeguard the company from the risk identified by them in the initial stages of taking up the risk management policy. Thus, a Corporate Governance must be identified in the company to undertake the management of the risks arising within the organization (Sikka, 2015). Nick Leeson case The logic and reasons why risk must be identified measured and managed in the corporations with respect to the Nick Leeson case are as below: An organization must enquire before the types of exposures that exist in order to initiate the process of managing the risks and thus, the necessity of identification of the prospective or probable risks arises. The exposures that have a relation or link between the components of operational or financial nature must be known and thus must be identified accordingly. There are variations in the nature, scope and extent of the exposures related to the risks that varies as per the business operations as in case of Baring that was a financial institution and it has an exposure towards a wide range of risks and threats. Thus, after the identification and evaluation of the exposures of the risk, the prospective risks related to the operations and functions must be measured as per the given variety of situations (Singh, 2013) After the performance of the quantitative analysis, the corporation will become efficient towards deciding the management of the risks and the alternative strategies will be identified and analyzed for the accuracy in the policies of the risk management to implement the same. Main functions of capital Capital is the actual wealth of an entity that will assist and aid in the production of more and increased wealth. The functions include: Allowing the transactions and dealings to take place as per the requirement Maintaining the risk exposures and other margins required to continue the proceedings of a company Providing employment to the desirable staff Overview of Basel II framework The first pillar of the Basel II is Minimum capital requirements and it requires the standard minimum requirement. In the given case, the Baring Bank had attained capital that was against the rule, from the Bank of England as one bank can offer not more than 25% of the capital to another entity. The second pillar of the Basel II is Supervisory review and its deals with the provision of frameworks that deals with the strategic, reputational, systematic and a variety of other risks that occur within the environment. The third pillar of the Basel II is The Market Discipline and this determines the disclosure procedure of allowing the markets to gauge the adequate amount of requirement of the capital. Types of acceptable capital under the Basel II and Basel III The different types of acceptable capital under the Basel II and Basel III capital accords are as below: The factors that help in distinguishing Basel II and III are as follow: The stricter standards and the capital: In case of BASEL III, there is a requirement of 10.5% of the Risk Weighted Assets that will form a part of the overall capital base of the entity Buffer of Capital conservation: There has been an introduction of 2.5% of buffer or cushion to be maintained by the banks so that it can face the economic crisis or losses of financial nature. Counter-cyclical Buffer of Capital conservation: There has been an introduction of -0.25% of broader or wider buffer or cushion to be maintained by the banks so that it can face the excessiveness in the growth of the credits that means the enhancement of the risks in the sector of banks. Conclusion From the above case it can be understood and evaluated that the inefficiency in the money and capital markets can lead to an overall financial institutional risk. In the Barings Bank case, Nick had taken the benefit of the mismanagement occurring within the company. Thus, the management must take steps to manage and review the same in a continuous basis. The unauthorized trading and losses approaches can lead to the overall financial destruction that can be understood from the above case. An organization must enquire before the types of exposures that exist in order to initiate the process of managing the risks and thus, the necessity of identification of the prospective or probable risks arises. The exposures that have a relation or link between the components of operational or financial nature must be known and thus must be identified accordingly. References Abid, G., Ahmed, A. (2014). Failing in corporate governance and warning signs of a corporate collapse. Anagnostis, K., Alexios, K. (2014). Factors of Weaknesses of Supervisory Methods as Components of Systematic Risk. The Impacts of Collapses to Instability of Banking System.Procedia Economics and Finance,9, 120-132. Bodur, Z. (2012). Operational Risk and Operational Risk related Banking Scandals/large Incidents.Maliye Finans Yaz?lar?,26(97), 64-86. Chui, M. (2012, February). Derivatives markets, products and participants: an overview. InChina and the Irving Fisher Committee in Zhengzhou on 2729 September 2010. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the BIS or the central banks represented at the meeting. Individual papers (or excerpts thereof) may be reproduced or translated with the authorisation of the authors concerned.(p. 3). Hamilton, S., Micklethwait, A. (2016).Greed and corporate failure: The lessons from recent disasters. Springer. Johal, S., Moran, M., Williams, K. (2012).Post-Crisis Financial Regulation in Britain(pp. 67-95). na. Kantukov, M., Medvedskaja, D. (2013). From dishonesty to disaster: the reasons and consequences of rogue traders fraudulent behavior. In(Dis) Honesty in Management(pp. 147-165). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Lui, A. (2012). Retail ring-fencing of banks and its implications.Journal of Banking Regulation,13(4), 336-348. Moosa, I., Silvapulle, P. (2012). An empirical analysis of the operational losses of Australian banks.Accounting Finance,52(1), 165-185. Ojo, M. (2016). International framework for liquidity risk measurement, standards and monitoring: corporate governance and internal controls. Persaud, A. (2014). Why bail-in securities are fool's gold.Browser Download This Paper. Reason, J. (2016).Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Sikka, P. (2015, March). The corrosive effects of neoliberalism on the UK financial crises and auditing practices: A dead-end for reforms. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 1-18). Elsevier. Singh, D. (2012).Banking regulation of UK and US financial markets. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Singh, D. (2013). The role of external auditors in bank supervision: a supervisory gatekeeper?. Valdez, S., Molyneux, P. (2015).An introduction to global financial markets. Palgrave Macmillan.

J.R.R. Tolkien Middle Earth Essays - J. R. R. Tolkien,

J.R.R. Tolkien: Middle Earth J.R.R. Tolkien: Middle Earth John Ronald Reuel Tolkien is remembered for his imaginative writings and the lasting creation of Middle-earth world. However, he was also a great scholar and linguist, holding the position of the Rawlingson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University. His writings owe much of its power to his ocean of knowledge about European languages and a deep understanding and appreciation of the art of storytelling and myths. His books have been translated into twenty-four languages and many millions of copies have been sold worldwide. Tolkien was born in the Orange Free State, in what is now South Africa, on January 3, 1892. However, his mother brought him home to England when he was four, and after his father's death his family made their home in rural Sarehole, then on the edge of the industrial city, Brimingham. When Tolkien was only twelve, his mother passed away, leaving him and his brother in the care of Father Francis Xavier Morgan. Father Morgan was a very strong moral influence on young Tolkien and provided him with loving support though to his years in college. Tolkien received a very good high school education at King Edward VI School, one of the finest schools in England at the time. From there he went up to Oxford, where he studied English at Exeter College, gaining him first class honors. At the age of twenty-one, Tolkien proposed to his childhood sweetheart, Edith Bratt, although it was against the wishes of Father Morgan, who objected to him marrying someone three years older than himself. However, the two were unable to wed for a few years because Tolkien was drafted to fight in World War I. During the war he served in the Lancashire Fusiliers as an officer, and survived the Somme, though many of his close friends and colleagues died. His respect for the common soldier under the great stress of war shows through in his later writings, where the Hobbits show strength in Mordor, previously unseen by themselves or others. After the war he got a job, working at the New English Dictionary, but in 1920 he was appointed reader in English at Leeds University. Four years later he was promoted to Professor, which is the highest academic rank in British universities. It was this time that he started writing. At this stage he thought of his tales as being a new mythology for England. These early works, which laid the basis for his later works, are now published as The Book of Lost Tales. In 1925 he was elected to the Professorship at Oxford. There he specialized in Philology, the study of words, and was among the most accomplished scholars in his field. His love of words led him to work on a series of languages for the Elves of Middle-earth. Though out his lifetime this obsession drove him to produce fourteen languages and he also showed how these languages developed over the course of history of Middle-earth. Tolkien said that the one of the first alphabets, called Tengwar, became very popular because it was a very flexible writing system that was easily adapted by the many different races of Middle-earth for use with their languages. The main flaw of this language was that it was very difficult to inscribe onto metal, stone or wood. This led to the creation of alphabet but with simpler characters made with strait lines. Tolkien often signed his work with }[emailprotected]@O8bael/u} , which translates into his name. Over the course of the next few years Tolkien wrote four books for each of his four children. Of these, The Hobbit is the best known and was eventually published in 1937. Stanley Unwin, the publisher asked for a sequel but Tolkien was skeptical of a sequel's success. He felt as if his work would only be enjoyed by a small minority and was surprised with his previous success. Once he began though, he became very involved with the book. Unfortunately World War II intervened, and slowed the process down considerably, taking a total of twelve years to complete. The book blossomed into more than a sequel, being not a book for children, but a great saga for adults, The Lord of the Rings. At the time of its first publication the book received mixed reviews. It was not until the late 60's and early 70's that Tolkien's popularity increased dramatically with the official release of the Lord of the Rings in the

Free Essays on Agency Intranet

â€Å"Intranets are everywhere. In a recent Forrester Research Inc. survey of executives at 50 Fortune 1000 companies, 96 percent of those polled were either building or already using internal Web sites. Only 4 percent had no plans to invest in intranet technology. Other surveys indicate that 65 percent to 90 percent of America's biggest corporations expect to implement intranets by the end of this year.† cio.com/archive/webbusiness/100197_power.html When I first began this project, I had no idea how to make the Intranet work for us, or actually what the Intranet was, this gave me a lot to learn is a very short period of time. The Intranet page is one that began very small and grew rapidly; most of the employees gave suggestions as to what they wanted to see housed on their Intranet. We use this as a Newspaper of types, if you want to print it off to read later at your leisure you can do so. I received most of the information about Intranets through the website dhark.com/intranet.html which gave me good design issues and how to solve the problems that I would be facing. The site gave some powerful presentations to view and save to review repeatedly, this assisted me in showing Upper Management what they were missing in not using the Intranet. I found that the Internet was a powerful tool for researching a subject and in relation to the Intranet; it gave me well over two hundred eighty sites to view and learn from. This is sometim es good and sometimes bad due to the massive amounts of information to sift through. One of the first things that I learned about an Intranet is the network, I did not understand the basics of that until I had a technician draw out what a basic network looked like then I understood. We actually house three networks here, one is under a NOVEL platform, one is under a LINUX platform and the last is under a Windows 2000 platform. Each has its’ own unique standards and programs, which are... Free Essays on Agency Intranet Free Essays on Agency Intranet â€Å"Intranets are everywhere. In a recent Forrester Research Inc. survey of executives at 50 Fortune 1000 companies, 96 percent of those polled were either building or already using internal Web sites. Only 4 percent had no plans to invest in intranet technology. Other surveys indicate that 65 percent to 90 percent of America's biggest corporations expect to implement intranets by the end of this year.† cio.com/archive/webbusiness/100197_power.html When I first began this project, I had no idea how to make the Intranet work for us, or actually what the Intranet was, this gave me a lot to learn is a very short period of time. The Intranet page is one that began very small and grew rapidly; most of the employees gave suggestions as to what they wanted to see housed on their Intranet. We use this as a Newspaper of types, if you want to print it off to read later at your leisure you can do so. I received most of the information about Intranets through the website dhark.com/intranet.html which gave me good design issues and how to solve the problems that I would be facing. The site gave some powerful presentations to view and save to review repeatedly, this assisted me in showing Upper Management what they were missing in not using the Intranet. I found that the Internet was a powerful tool for researching a subject and in relation to the Intranet; it gave me well over two hundred eighty sites to view and learn from. This is sometim es good and sometimes bad due to the massive amounts of information to sift through. One of the first things that I learned about an Intranet is the network, I did not understand the basics of that until I had a technician draw out what a basic network looked like then I understood. We actually house three networks here, one is under a NOVEL platform, one is under a LINUX platform and the last is under a Windows 2000 platform. Each has its’ own unique standards and programs, which are...

Information Security Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information Security Plan - Essay Example The organisation is housed in a detached, multi-storeyed building located in the central business district of an Australian city. The company owns several assets that may at risk (Hall 2012, 273). The company’s physical holdings include the tables, chairs, computers, cabinets, calculators, printers, fax machine, scanner, delivery equipment, production equipment, inventories, and air conditions. The company’s employees use the tables, calculators, and chairs to process their daily activities like recording business transactions. The business transactions include selling the company’s goods and services. Further, the company’s employees also use the chairs to accomplish their daily responsibilities of processing the sales and purchase of inventory items (Brigham 2010, 105). In addition, the employees use the chairs whenever they prepare their monthly reports. The employees use the chairs because it would be too taxing for the employees to stand up the whole day while encoding the company’s business transactions. Management assigns one chair t each employee. ... In addition, the company’s employees file their printed records in the cabinet (Schlesinger 2007, 2). The cabinet contains confidential printed records of the company’s daily transactions. The transaction records include the number of items bought by the company’s current and prospective customers. The transaction records include the amount and quantity bough from the current and prospective suppliers. Likewise, the company uses the printers to print the required hard copy reports (Stickney 2009, 366). The company also uses the printers to print sales letters that are submitted to the company’s current and prospective customers. The company uses the printers to submit purchase requisitions to the company’s current and prospective suppliers. The employees use the printers to prepare their monthly reports or presentations. In addition, the company uses the fax machines and scanners to send information to entities outside the company’s premises (Hussey 2010, 11). The fax machines and scanners hasten the transfer of printed copies. The use of the fax machines and scanners eliminate the process of sending confidential data through the post office, snail mail. Normally, the fax machines can be used as telephones. In the same manner, the company uses delivery equipments (Hussey 2010, 11). The delivery equipments include trucks, cars, and other delivery vehicles. The company uses the delivery equipments to deliver the sold products to the company’s current and prospective customers. In addition, the company harnesses the delivery equipments to retrieve the purchased products from the company’s current and prospective suppliers. Further, the company owns inventories (Mendell 2006, 21). The inventories

SAQ 1116 Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SAQ 1116 - Scholarship Essay Example Review and evaluate each method in the context of your own dissertation proposal and justify why you have or have not chosen either method as a means of data collection. While designing a research method, a key question is what should be the number of respondents. In research design, we must consider the tradeoff between efficiency (by increasing no. of respondents) and richness (by increasing depth of our questions) of data. Interviews can be unstructured, focused with more structure or highly structured resembling a questionnaire. Questions asked in an interview can be a 'Pure Inquiry' (What happened), 'Exploratory Diagnostic Inquiry' (What did you do) or even 'Confrontive Inquiry' (Have you thought about doing this). Since answers are in more detail, they provide in-depth or 'qualitative' data. Questionnaires are used generally to ask only 'Highly Structured' questions. Though it is obvious that you do not get much depth or quality answers, the efficiency of data is improved. Since a vast number of cases can be studied, the risk of interviewee bias and other problems can be reduced. Both quantitative and qualitative data offer alternative advantages and benefits that eventually serve the validity and the credibility of the entire research project. However, due to the nature of the dissertation, which requires much exploration, getting more quality and in-depth answers would be more desirable. Therefore, significant weight will be attributed to the qualitative approach, which is 'Interview Technique'. SAQ 13: Briefly review the Action Research and Case Research papers and compare each method as appropriate means of data collection or methodology for your dissertation research project. (500 words approx) Answer: Action Research Action Research (AR) is an approach to research that aims both at taking action and creating knowledge or theory about that action. Action Researcher takes action and is not merely a spectator. However, since AR projects are situation specific, they do not 'aim' to create universal knowledge. At the same time, it may extrapolate to other similar situation. Action Research is highly interactive requiring cooperation between the researchers and the client. AR is used to understand, plan and implement change in the style of working and should be conducted in real time. AR is appropriate when the research question describes an unfolding series of action and an analysis as to how and why these actions could change to improve the working. The Action Researcher needs to act in a facilitative manner to help clients inquire into their own issues and create and implement solutions. An AR cycle comprises three types of steps: 1. A pre-step: to understand the context and its purpose. 2. Six main steps: to gather data, feedback and analyse data, and to plan, implement and evaluate the action. 3. A meta-step to monitor. Case Research Case Research (CR) is based on analysis of a limited

The book A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

The book A Christmas Carol Essay The three ghosts add to the popularity of the novel. First of all they take Scrooge on a journey. This is popular because it gives a sense of adventure and adventure themes are very popular for example Charlotte Bronti s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronti s Wuthering heights. The reason these adventures were so popular is because it is a journey through time. This is a new thing for the Victorians which creates shock nowadays. We relate to this through television like doctor who. Also this makes scrooge change; this makes it popular as its not all about visiting place, its about he reacts and changes. At the end of the novel scrooge has completely changed. He has changed from being old, miserable and mean; to being kind and exhilarated (quote). In the first paragraph Dickens cleverly used scrooges voice to describe the room (quote). This makes us empathise with him and feel his excitement. Dickens also uses repetition to emphasise scrooges laugh (quote). He does this to make sure that the audience has noticed that he is laughing. Scrooge also sends for a giant turkey for Bob cratchitt and gives the boy money for getting it. He also pays for a cab so the delivery person doesnt have to carry it. This part of the novel shows how much scrooge has changed. He has become generous, kind and considerate. Next scrooge walks around the street greeting people. He also bumps into the charity collectors who he gave a huge contribution too. You begin to see that Dickens has cleverly repeated the events from stave 1, but made them chances for scrooge to be generous, for example the boy, the charity men, his nephew This has a huge effect on people and most of them are surprised and happy for example the charity men. Cried the old gentleman. This is repeated to show his pleasure. Again this emphasises the point and makes us relate and feel the enthusiasm and joy.

Genre Theory and John Fords Stagecoach Essay -- Movie Film Films Cine

Genre Theory and John Ford's Stagecoach The analytic theory posited by Robert Warshow in his essay "The Westerner", itemizes the elements necessary for a film to belong to the genre of the "western". Most contentiously, he mandates that the narrative focus upon the individual hero's plight to assert his identity, and diminishes the importance of secondary characters and issues, or any tendency toward "social drama." (431) He states that it is subtle variations that make successive instances of a genre film interesting, yet limits this variety to "minor variations in the characteristics of the actors who play the hero's role." (430) It is my belief that while exhibiting many of the traits itemized by Warshow, John Ford's Stagecoach (1939) also exhibits variations in characterization, symbolism and even moral focus which project it dangerously close to what Warshow would view as a "social" film. It would be nearly impossible to declare Stagecoach a non-western by either Warshow's own generic criteria or the expectations of the genre viewer, yet the film clearly conveys the more individuated social concerns of its director. While Warshow claims that this perversion of the norm threatens to make the genre uninteresting, I believe the contrary to be true. Subverting the expectations of the genre, while still functioning within the language of the "western" is what makes Stagecoach a powerful film, and legitimizes the notion of genre itself. The traits cited by Warshow as compulsory for the "western" are extensive. Most elements concern the figure of the melancholy cowboy hero, who is certainly present in Stagecoach in the personage of Ringo. The hero usually exhibits a certain leisure, an ambiguity of occupation, a noncha... ...r variations within the working out of a pre-established order." (461) However, his theory seems too eager to limit a genre film to achieving the same end in every incidence. I believe that Stagecoach reveals that it can be more constructive to achieve something new through the use of the conventional mode. It seems that it is only through the creation of an ostensibly new product by each recurrence of a generic form that a genre can continue. Theorists who deny the possibility of retaining enough of the original mode to make the film recognizable as part of a genre, while still capitalizing on the full range of variation available through plot, characterization, and style, underestimate the audience's capacity to simultaneously make connections and receive a new product. I believe an audience would rather be challenged than spoon-fed another "creative" recreation. Genre Theory and John Ford's Stagecoach Essay -- Movie Film Films Cine Genre Theory and John Ford's Stagecoach The analytic theory posited by Robert Warshow in his essay "The Westerner", itemizes the elements necessary for a film to belong to the genre of the "western". Most contentiously, he mandates that the narrative focus upon the individual hero's plight to assert his identity, and diminishes the importance of secondary characters and issues, or any tendency toward "social drama." (431) He states that it is subtle variations that make successive instances of a genre film interesting, yet limits this variety to "minor variations in the characteristics of the actors who play the hero's role." (430) It is my belief that while exhibiting many of the traits itemized by Warshow, John Ford's Stagecoach (1939) also exhibits variations in characterization, symbolism and even moral focus which project it dangerously close to what Warshow would view as a "social" film. It would be nearly impossible to declare Stagecoach a non-western by either Warshow's own generic criteria or the expectations of the genre viewer, yet the film clearly conveys the more individuated social concerns of its director. While Warshow claims that this perversion of the norm threatens to make the genre uninteresting, I believe the contrary to be true. Subverting the expectations of the genre, while still functioning within the language of the "western" is what makes Stagecoach a powerful film, and legitimizes the notion of genre itself. The traits cited by Warshow as compulsory for the "western" are extensive. Most elements concern the figure of the melancholy cowboy hero, who is certainly present in Stagecoach in the personage of Ringo. The hero usually exhibits a certain leisure, an ambiguity of occupation, a noncha... ...r variations within the working out of a pre-established order." (461) However, his theory seems too eager to limit a genre film to achieving the same end in every incidence. I believe that Stagecoach reveals that it can be more constructive to achieve something new through the use of the conventional mode. It seems that it is only through the creation of an ostensibly new product by each recurrence of a generic form that a genre can continue. Theorists who deny the possibility of retaining enough of the original mode to make the film recognizable as part of a genre, while still capitalizing on the full range of variation available through plot, characterization, and style, underestimate the audience's capacity to simultaneously make connections and receive a new product. I believe an audience would rather be challenged than spoon-fed another "creative" recreation.

Tenor in Email Communication

Today we will be discussing â€Å"tenor† in workplace emails. We will: 1) explain what tenor and how it is reflected in workplace emails, 2) why using proper tenor in the workplace is important, and 3) provide tips as to how you can successfully determine tenor for use in your own workplace emails. (First Slide) What is tenor? Tenor is the tone of a form of communication that reflects the relationship between the speaker and their audience. In regards to email, it is the relationship between the writer and their recipient. Every person uses different forms of tenor on a daily basis, whether they are in the work place, at home or even with friends. Tenor is present in an email and can be reflected in a number of ways. It is most evident in the formality of the speech used and the words chosen in the communication of ideas. However, the tenor of an email can also be affected by the subject matter of an email. More serious or pressing issues often call for a more formal use of tenor. (Second Slide) Why is tenor important? Also read: The Other Side of E-mail Tenor is an important element of workplace communication for a number of reasons. Firstly, the tenor used in an email demonstrates one’s level of respect for who they are speaking to. In the workplace, it reflects the level of respect one shows for their superior, co-workers or even direct reports. This is evident in the politeness and mannerisms displayed in the email. Calling your friend â€Å"dude† may be normal in their company, but calling your boss the same may be taken as offensive or undermining. Secondly, tenor can display your dedication or seriousness about issue. While some subjects may discussed light-heartedly, such as an office event, while other require more a serious tone, such as discussing grievances or personal absences. Mistaking tenor in the workplace can have a number of negative effects. It could possibly damage your work relationships and create tension in the workplace, reduce the effectiveness of workplace communication and processes, as well as reduce your chances for advancement in a company. Always remember to consider if your words could be misinterpreted before you click send! (Third Slide) So how do you determine the proper tenor to use in your email? There are 3 simple questions that you can use to evaluate your relation to the recipient and effectively gauge the proper tenor in an email. These questions are as follows: Ask yourself – What is the recipient’s position in the company? Are they a superior? A co-worker? A direct report? While these employees all share different roles, they can all be treated with different tenors. While your boss requires a highly formal level of tenor in your communication, a co-worker may not. – What is the subject matter of the email? As we have already mentioned, the subject matter of the email you are writing may also have an effect on the tenor you should be using. For instance, consider the co-worker mentioned above. On a day-to-day basis, a co-worker may not require a highly formal tenor in communication. However, while discussing this co-worker’s grievances, bereavement leave or other personal matters, a more formal tenor may be required to spare their feelings and show your respect for their situation. – Another good question to ask yourself is: Who will have access to the email? Although you may think the email you just sent is only seen by the recipient, this may not always be true. The last thing you want to happen is for your boss to see an email that you wrote and think that you may have disrespected another employee by using informal tenor. To end this conference, we would like to suggest some tips for determining and executing proper tenor in workplace emails. 1. Always use more formal language in your initial message. Once your recipient replies, it will be easier to determine what tenor is appropriate. It is better to err towards the casual side after an exchange of emails. 2. When in doubt, mirror it out! Mirroring is a valuable tool in determining workplace tenor. When mirroring, one simply replies to an email with the same tone as the sender. In other words, send email you would like to receive and you will do no wrong. 3. Always think before you send! You may think you are communicating one message, but your recipient may read another. Always be sure to re-read you emails and consider if your words could be misinterpreted.

Battle of Brandywine in the American Revolution

The Battle of Brandywine was fought September 11, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). One of the largest battles of the conflict, Brandywine saw  General George Washington  attempt to defend the American capital at Philadelphia. The campaign began when British forces, led by  General Sir William Howe  departed New York City and sailed up the Chesapeake Bay. Landing in northern Maryland, the British advanced northeast towards Washingtons army. Clashing along the Brandywine River, Howe attempted to flank the American position. The resulting fight was one of the longest one-day battles of the war and saw the British force Washingtons men to retreat. Though beaten, the American army remained ready for another fight. In the days after Brandywine, both armies conducted a campaign of maneuver which resulted in Howe taking Philadelphia.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background In the summer of 1777, with Major General John Burgoynes army advancing south from Canada, the overall commander of British forces, Howe, prepared his own campaign for capturing the American capital at Philadelphia. Leaving a small force under Major General Henry Clinton at New York, he embarked 13,000 men on transports and sailed south. Entering the Chesapeake, the fleet traveled north and the army landed at Head of Elk, MD on August 25, 1777. Due to the shallow and muddy conditions there, delays ensued as Howe worked to disembark his men and supplies. Having marched south from positions around New York, American forces under General George Washington concentrated west of Philadelphia in anticipation of Howes advance. Sending forward skirmishers, the Americans fought minor a battle with Howes column at Elkton, MD. On September 3, fighting continued with a skirmish at Coochs Bridge, DE. In the wake of this engagement, Washington moved from a defensive line behind Red Clay Creek, DE north to a new line behind the Brandywine River in Pennsylvania. Arriving on September 9, he deployed his men to cover the river crossings. Armies Commanders: Americans General George Washington14,600 men​ British General Sir William Howe15,500 men The American Position Located approximately halfway to Philadelphia, the focus of the American line was at Chadds Ford, astride the main road into the city. Here Washington placed troops under Major General Nathanael Greene and Brigadier General Anthony Wayne. To their left, covering Pyles Ford, were around 1,000 Pennsylvania militia led by Major General John Armstrong. On their right, Major General John Sullivans division occupied the high ground along the river and Brintons Ford with Major General Adam Stephens men to the north. Beyond Stephens division, was that of Major General Lord Stirling which held Painters Ford. On the far right of the American line, detached from Stirling, was a brigade under Colonel Moses Hazen which had been assigned to watch Wistars and Buffingtons Fords. Having formed his army, Washington was confident that he had barred the way to Philadelphia. Arriving at Kennett Square to the southwest, Howe concentrated his army and assessed the American position. Rather than attempt a direct attack against Washingtons lines, Howe elected to use the same plan that had achieved victory the year before at Long Island (Map). Howes Plan This entailed sending a force to fix Washington in place while marching with the bulk of the army around the American flank. Accordingly, on September 11 Howe ordered Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen to advance to Chadds Ford with 5,000 men, while he and Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis moved north with the remainder of the army. Moving out around 5:00 AM, Cornwallis column crossed the West Branch of the Brandywine at Trimbles Ford, then turned east and crossed the East Branch at Jeffries Ford. Turning south, they advanced to high ground on Osbornes Hill and were in position to strike the American rear. Opening Shots Moving out around 5:30 AM, Knyphausens men moved along the road towards Chadds Ford and pushed back American skirmishers led by Brigadier General William Maxwell. The first shots of the battle were fired at Welchs Tavern approximately four miles west of Chadds Ford. Pushing ahead, the Hessians engaged a larger Continental force at Old Kennett Meetinghouse around mid-morning.    Finally arriving on the opposite bank from the American position, Knyphausens men began a desultory artillery bombardment. Through the day, Washington received various reports that Howe was attempting a flanking march. While this led to the American commander considering a strike on Knyphausen, he demurred when he received one report that convinced him the earlier ones were incorrect. Around 2:00 PM, Howes men were spotted as they arrived on Osbornes Hill. Flanked (Again) In a stroke of luck for Washington, Howe halted on the hill and rested for around two hours. This break allowed Sullivan, Stephen, and Stirling to hastily form a new line facing the threat. This new line was under the oversight of Sullivan and command of his division devolved to Brigadier General Preudhomme de Borre.  As the situation at Chadds Ford appeared stable, Washington informed Greene to be ready to march north at a moments notice. Around 4:00 PM, Howe began his attack on the new American line. Surging forward, the attack quickly shattered one of Sullivans brigades causing it to flee. This was due to it being out of position due to a series of bizarre orders issued by de Borre. Left with little choice, Washington summoned Greene. For around ninety minutes heavy fighting swirled around the Birmingham Meeting House and what is now known as Battle Hill with the British slowly pushing the Americans back.   Washington Retreats Marching an impressive four miles in forty-five minutes, Greenes troops joined the fray around 6:00 PM. Supported by the remnants of Sullivans line and Colonel Henry Knoxs artillery, Washington and Greene slowed the British advance and allowed the rest of the army to withdraw.  By around 6:45 PM, the fighting quieted and Brigadier General George Weedons brigade was tasked with covering the American retreat from the area. Hearing the fighting, Knyphausen began his own assault at Chadds Ford with artillery and columns attacking across the river. Encountering Waynes Pennsylvanians and Maxwells light infantry, he was able to slowly push the outnumbered Americans back. Halting at every stone wall and fence, Waynes men slowly bled the advancing enemy and were able to cover the retreat of Armstrongs militia which had not been engaged in the fighting. Continuing to fall back along the road to Chester, Wayne skillfully handled his men until the fighting petered out around 7:00 PM. Aftermath The Battle of Brandywine cost Washington around 1,000 killed, wounded, and captured as well as most of his artillery, while British losses were 93 killed, 488 wounded, and 6 missing. Among the American wounded was the newly arrived Marquis de Lafayette. Retreating from Brandywine, Washingtons army fell back on Chester feeling that it had merely lost a battle and desiring another fight. Though Howe had won a victory, he failed to destroy Washingtons army or immediately exploit his success. Over the next few weeks, the two armies engaged in a campaign of maneuver that saw the armies attempt to fight on September 16 near Malvern and Wayne defeated at Paoli on September 20/21. Five days later, Howe finally out-maneuvered Washington and marched into Philadelphia unopposed. The two armies next met at the Battle of Germantown on October 4.