tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33347636910144307272024-03-08T02:17:54.793-08:00Strategies for avoiding fallaciesZackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.comBlogger245125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-74257913244753741432020-08-27T19:38:00.001-07:002020-08-27T19:38:04.464-07:00Private Health Insurance In Kenya Economics EssayPrivate Health Insurance In Kenya Economics Essay Protection is a course of action by which one gathering The safety net provider vows to pay another gathering the safeguarded or strategy holder a whole of cash if something happens which makes the guaranteed endure money related deficit (Diacon.S.R and Carter R.L, 1998) In the previous scarcely any years, private medical coverage segment in Kenya has been recorded as the most noteworthy shortfall making protection class with deficit proportions of 74.0 percent, 80.4 percent , 81.5 percent and 83.5 percent in 2008, 2009 2010 and 2011 individually (AKI report, 2011). Private medical coverage has kept on performing ineffectively in the year 2011, posting lost 650 Million contrasted with lost Kshs. 530 Million in the earlier year. As indicated by the Association of Kenya Insurers (2011), just four out of the 20 Private medical coverage suppliers in Kenya made an endorsing benefit in 2011, the four incorporate General Accident Insurance Company, Jubilee Insurance Company, Mercantile Insurance Company and Real Insurance Company. The part has the most noteworthy deficit proportion in the business of 83.5% with net earned premiums coming to KES 8.9bn (US$74.5mn) and net brought about cases came to KES 5.4 bn (US$60.6mn). This pattern has been reliable throughout the previous 4 years 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011, with all signs that 2012 will likewise be a misfortune, a circumstance has incited the Private medical coverage premiums to be expanded every now and then yet the circumstance has not been improved a lot, it is along these lines basic to inspect the difficulties confronting Private health care coverage organizations and their impact on business execution with a perspective on illuminating future protection strategy detailing. This examination will look to explore the cchallenges confronting insurance agencies in the arrangement of Private Health protection and their impact on business execution since this area is a significant one for the financial advancement of the Nation henceforth the need to watch it. This part presents the foundation of the investigation, proclamation of the issue, reason for the examination, research goals, research questions, avocation of the investigation, hugeness of the investigation, suppositions confinements and delimitations, meaning of terms and section rundown. 1.1 Background of the Study Medical coverage is a type of cooperation by methods for which individuals on the whole pool their hazard, for this situation the danger of causing clinical costs. It is an agreement between an insurance agency and an individual or a support as a business. The agreement can be sustainable yearly or month to month contingent upon the understanding between the gatherings in that agreement. The sort and measure of medicinal services costs that will be secured by the health care coverage organization are determined ahead of time, in the part strategy contract. The significance of medical coverage can't be belittled in any economy. As saw by Wasow and Hill (1986) who contended that medical coverage is a significant channel for budgetary capital amassing. Medical coverage organizations strategies offer approaches, which are bought solely to secure the client against hazard. They frequently include considerable reserve funds. This is on the grounds that Insurance organizations must gather saves against foreseen future cases which accommodate huge aggregates of cash, which can be loan to people, the administration, trade and industry. As indicated by the World wellbeing Organization (World Health Report, 2008), access to social insurance is the privilege of each person. Governments everywhere throughout the world have along these lines embraced different projects so as to understand this target. The Government of Kenya has likewise not been abandoned on this as Kenya is a signatory to the Abuja Declaration (Institute of Policy and Research, 2005) which requires its signatory part states to spend at any rate 15% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on human services. As of the year 2009, Kenya burned through 9% of her GDP on social insurance which was far beneath the suggested extent (IPAR, 2005). Medical coverage plans are an inexorably perceived factor as a device to fund medicinal services arrangement in low and center pay nations. Given the high dormant interest from individuals for human services administrations of a decent quality and the extraordinary under-use of wellbeing administrations in a few nations, it has been contended that social medical coverage may improve the entrance to medicinal services of worthy quality. While elective types of human services financing and cost recuperation systems like client charges have been vigorously censured, the choice of protection is by all accounts a promising option as it is a likelihood to pool hazard moving, unforeseeable medicinal services expenses to fixed premiums. Private medical coverage is viewed as private when the outsider (safety net provider) is a benefit looking for association, for example, the private insurance agencies. In Private Health protection, individuals pay premiums identified with the normal expense of wellbeing administrations to be given to them. In this manner, individuals who are in high wellbeing hazard bunches pay more, and those at okay save money. Enrollment to a private protection conspire is typically intentional and is exclusively founded on the choice of the guaranteed. Private Health protection has been offered by general protection firms as one of their arrangement of items. One of the general objectives of the Government of Kenya is to advance and improve the wellbeing status of all Kenyans by making wellbeing administrations increasingly productive, accessible and reasonable. The significance of Private medical coverage in the arrangement and use of social insurance can't be overemphasized. Financing for social insurance has become a helpful obligation shared among the administration, managers, and insurance agencies in view of the significance of the administration and the increasing expenses of clinical administrations. This makes Private medical coverage one of the most huge instruments to keep up a sound workforce to drive the economy. Private medical coverage inclusion is given by open and private sources. Open sources incorporate National Hospital Insurance Fund while private sources incorporate private insurance agencies, for example, APA insurance agency Kenya constrained, UAP Insurance Company restricted, Jubilee Insurance Company and Madison Insurance among others 1.1.1 Private medical coverage Medical coverage is an institutional and money related component that helps family units and private people to put aside budgetary assets to meet expenses of clinical consideration in occasion of ailment. It depends on the rule of pooling reserves and entrusting the board of such assets to an outsider that pays for human services expenses of individuals who add to the pool. The outsider can be government, business, insurance agency or a supplier (Kraushaar, 1994). Wangombe et al., (1994) distinguish two classes of private medical coverage in Kenya: direct private medical coverage and, work based protection. Direct private medical coverage is over the top expensive and just the center and high-salary bunches bear the cost of it (Nderitu, 2002). In the work based plans, the business gives care straightforwardly through boss possessed nearby wellbeing office, or through manager contracts with wellbeing offices or human services associations. These are both intentional wellbeing plans and are not enacted by the administration. 1.1.2 Private Health Insurance in Kenya As per the AKI report (2011) there was 47 licenses insurance agencies with 20 organizations authorized to practice and deal medical coverage items. There are extra 23 clinical Insurance suppliers (MIPs) which are a greater amount of oversaw care association. The absolute premiums for private clinical protection in 2011 were over 8.3 billion with claims proportion at 83.5 percent. Private medical coverage represents 15 percent of the gross all out premium for all protection items in 2011. As per the World Bank working paper number 193 (2010), the medical coverage entrance remains at 2 percent with around 600,000 individuals guaranteed with open protection and more than 2 million safeguarded under the open protection NHIF In the previous hardly any years, private medical coverage part in Kenya has been recorded as the most noteworthy misfortune making protection class with misfortune proportions of 74.0 percent, 80.4 percent , 81.5 percent and 83.5 percent in 2008, 2009 2010 and 2011 individually (AKI report, 2011). Private medical coverage has kept on performing inadequately in the year 2011, posting lost 650 Million contrasted with lost Kshs. 530 Million in the earlier year. As indicated by the Association of Kenya Insurers (2011), just four out of the 20 Private Health Insurance suppliers in Kenya made a guaranteeing benefit in 2011, the four incorporate General Accident Insurance Company, Jubilee Insurance Company, Mercantile Insurance Company and Real Insurance Company. The part has the most elevated shortfall proportion in the business of 83.5% with net earned premiums coming to KES 8.9bn (US$74.5mn) and net brought about cases came to KES 5.4 bn (US$60.6mn). 1.2 Statement of the Problem Notwithstanding various endeavors and techniques by insurance agencies to augment benefit, private medical coverage has been performing ineffectively The protection business in Kenya is encountering assorted difficulties, key among them being the poor open impression of protection (AKI Report, 2011 in spite of being the most elevated misfortune making class among different classes of protection. In the previous scarcely any years, private medical coverage division in Kenya has been the most noteworthy misfortune making class with misfortune proportions of 74.0 percent, 80.4 percent, 81.5 and 83.5per penny in 2008, 2009 2010 and 2011 individually (AKI report, 2011). Private medical coverage has kept on performing ineffectively in the year 2011, posting lost 650 Million contrasted with lost Kshs. 530 Million in the earlier year. As per the Association of Kenya Insurers (2011), just four out of the 20 Private medical coverage suppliers in Kenya made an endorsing benefit in 2011. The are a has the most elevated shortfall proportion in the business of 83.5% with net earned premiu Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-87566921172788454252020-08-22T12:59:00.001-07:002020-08-22T12:59:24.854-07:00Pathogens Compendium for outbreak investigationsQuestion: Depict about the Pathogens Compendium for episode examinations. Answer: 1) Post and examine your understanding of the information of the finished meetings Out of the 25 individuals who went to the goodbye party, information for 19 individuals are accessible. Out of the 19, 16 of them are accounted for debilitated inside a normal of 9 hours 20 minutes. Those wiped out had devoured meat of some structure served at the gathering. Those announced solid havent expended meat aside from chicken curry by one of them. The flare-up can't be ascribed to rice or bread with plunges (p = 0.53; RR = 1; 95% CI = 0.6-2.1) or to rough street (p = 0.57; RR = 0.8 95% CI = 0.6-1.0) as the majority of the members who are wiped out and wellbeing devoured both. The information focuses towards conceivable connection with the utilization of meat. Count of chi square utilizing the information of the individuals who devoured meat and fell wiped out (n=16), expended meat and sound (n=1) and those devoured veg food and wiped out or solid (n=0 or n=2) we found that utilization of meat brought about being wiped out (p = 0.0175; RR =3; 95% CI, 0.6-14.8). 2) Which pathogen is suspected? As indicated by information introduced and dissected we reached the resolution that utilization of meat is the most conceivable reason for the episode. Estimation of normal brooding period is around 9 hours. With the assortment of occasions that occurred we likewise that food was served cold and appear to be cooked ahead of time and put away in coolers. The entire situation focuses to a microbial pollution and not simply food contamination by metals or corruption of food, which are potential reasons for loose bowels. Out of the information accessible for 19 individuals who took an interest in the goodbye party 16 expended meat and 16 of them experienced sickness, looseness of the bowels which isn't related with fever. Presently concerning the information accessible with Food borne pathogen abridgment (Queensland Govt.) the most probable causative operator of the episode is Clostridium perfringens which coordinates the hatching time frame and malady side effects (McClane, 2003). Be th at as it may, an exact examination by breaking down the food test and stool of the individuals who are enduring will give a convincing thought of the causative operator. References: Queensland Government; Foodborne Pathogens Compendium for episode examinations 2010; Retrieved on 10 October 2016, https://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/records/cdb/30586.pdf. McClane, B. A. (2003). Clostridium perfringens. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-NEW YORK-MARCEL DEKKER-, 91-104. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-55456393351641795682020-08-21T10:41:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:41:06.472-07:00What You Need to Know About Selling Essays For Sale OnlineWhat You Need to Know About Selling Essays For Sale OnlineAre you a person who is contemplating on taking up this task of selling essays for sale online? In this article, I am going to help you out by giving you the inside scoop on some things that you need to know about this online business.Essays for sale online is quite a new concept in the world of e-commerce. The concept of selling such items online has been prevalent since some years now. And, as you are aware, e-commerce has changed the face of business too.If you have decided to become an online seller of essays for sale, then you need to take all the necessary steps that you can do to increase your business. It is through increasing your business that you can begin to earn a lot of money.Before you start, you need to choose the type of essay that you want to sell. For those who are still studying, you can choose topics that you feel that you have the ability to write. By this, you will be able to get more opportunities in se lling these essays. If you feel that you cannot write the type of topic that you want to sell, then you can always consider writing an essay that is related to the product that you want to sell.Another great way to increase your income is to put up advertisements on various websites that are related to your topic or even reviews for the different products that you want to sell. By doing this, you will be able to attract more traffic to your website.You also need to make sure that your essays are of the highest quality. It is through quality that you can easily attract potential buyers and make them interested in buying your essay. You must also ensure that your website is visually appealing so that buyers can easily find your essay within the few seconds that they want to spend.In addition, when you are writing essays for sale online, you need to make sure that your words are well organized. You must also make sure that you have taken the help of a professional copywriter so that yo ur writing is well organized and easy to read.By all means, sell your essays online if you want to make big money. But first you need to learn how to sell essays for sale online and you can do so by following the tips mentioned above. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-27389186673002380292020-05-26T03:32:00.001-07:002020-05-26T03:32:04.198-07:00Facebook A Non Replicable Competitive Advantage According to Marketline.com, Facebook Incorporated is one of the social networking which enables users to share their pictures, videos, activities and opinions. The companyââ¬â¢s reach is a non-replicable competitive advantage that can be explored to the advertisersââ¬â¢ curiousness. However, significant competition may impact its user base and level of user engagement, making it less attractive to developers and marketers, so the bad thing will affect its revenue and results of operations. From there we can tell the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Facebookââ¬â¢s company. From Facebook page information, in 2004 they found that Facebookââ¬â¢s mission is to give their users a power that they can share their things, connected to the world, and explored their world in their mind. With me, yes, their mission is correct because some of my friends in middle school did not contact each other for a long time we found our friends again by ââ¬Å"Suggested Friendsâ⬠option on Facebook. Facebook helps people know more of what the world is doing by other users sharing things they are interested in. Starting with their Strengths, growing user base contributing to increasing ARPU-average revenue per unit. According to the Marketline.com ââ¬Å"The company provides unprecedented reach with 1.2 billion monthly active users (MAUs) as of December 2014, a significant increase from 901 million MAUs in 2012. In December 2014, the company had 208 million MAUs in the US and Canada; 301 million in Europe;Show MoreRelatedA Study On Equal Exchange1658 Words à |à 7 Pagesbusiness to support farmers and trade their goods to not harm the environment. They opened the company as a worker-owned cooperative; it is seen as the one worker- one vote model. EE is a mission-driven business model that shows to be sustainable and replicable. Their idea was to connect trade products such as organic food, coffee, tea, and chocolate. EE is more than just a trading company trying to help small farmers make a difference; it is a faith based organization that allows other organizations opportunityRead MoreSt rategic Plan Of Google Inc2762 Words à |à 12 PagesThe characteristic search results, academic articles, maps, videos, images, and other relevant information are largely reflective of the plethora of knowledge and creative skills that its employees possess and translate in their work. 3.1 Competitive Advantages Valuable: Google boasts of an intense interviewing process before hiring its employees and all this is only to maintain the impeccable standards that the world relates it with. Google considers its employees to be one of the most valuableRead MoreMarketing Analysis Of Zappos.com Owns A Stable Source Of Competitive Advantage By Producing Its Own Shoes Line6352 Words à |à 26 Pagessuggest that the company serves the US market like no other company, an expansion of its current share should be considered. Even thou the investments that this would require, we agree that Zappos could expand and build a stable source of competitive advantage by producing its own shoes line, followed in the future by itââ¬â¢s own shoe related wear line. The main issue regarding the expansion of online market and the low barrier at the entrance that characterize the e-business is that many other shoeRead MoreMarketing Analysis Of Zappos.com Owns A Stable Source Of Competitive Advantage By Producing Its Own Shoes Line6352 Words à |à 26 Pagessuggest that the company serves the US market like no other company, an expansion of its current share should be considered. Even thou the investments that this would require, we agree that Zappos could expand and build a stable source of competitive advantage by producing its own shoes line, followed in the future by itââ¬â¢s own shoe related wear line. The main issue regarding the expansion of online market and the low barrier at the entrance that characterize the e-business is that many other shoeRead MoreStuden Brand Comparison Betwen Apple and Samsung14106 Words à |à 57 Pages49 Appendix 1, Questionnaire ................................................................................ 50 Appendix 2, Questionnaires e-mail .................................................................... 53 Appendix 3, Questionnaire on Facebook ............................................................ 54 Table of Figures Figure 1 A conceptual model for Brands preference ............................................ 20 Figure 2 Brand Equity Model ....................................Read MoreHow Can Amazon Use Positioning to Create a Strong Brand Identity in the Next 5 Years?17302 Words à |à 70 Pages4 Jacqueline Ligtenberg Djuri van der Schaar Figure 0.1: Top 100 most valuable global brands (Campbell 2012) In the top 100 most valuable global brands of 2012 (figure 0.1) Amazon ranks at the 18th place right after Wal-Mart and just above Facebook, they lowered 4 places in rank compared to Amazon being at the 14th place in 2011 (Campbell, 2012). With this research the goal is to find out how to get Amazon back up in these ranks once more focusing on the retail category. Amazon has been successfulRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company Report15335 Words à |à 62 Pagesinnocence transpired in the imagination of the Great Walt. E. Disney, that he created a tiny mouse with a squeaky voice but a mighty heart. This mouse has ruled the entertainment world with innocent and a mighty heart for nine decades, and is the first non human to receive an Oscar. The Walt Disney Company with its innocent creativity and its mighty aggressive business strategies has today reached a near monopoly in the entertainment industry. A revenue of 42.2 billi on and a total assets of whoopingRead MoreVolvo Marketing Strategy36220 Words à |à 145 Pagesfour main values ââ¬â quality, safety, environment and design. Indeed, according to Keller (2008), the establishment of strong values is crucial in brand positioning and in creating ââ¬Å"brand superiority in the minds of consumersâ⬠and showing them ââ¬Å"the advantages or points of difference a brand has over competitorsâ⬠(Keller 2008: 38-39) in order to allow them to classify the brand in comparison to its competitors according to their values and personal images. In this study, we are going to examine if Volvo Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-52368248092378386772020-05-15T10:08:00.001-07:002020-05-15T10:08:03.484-07:00Narrative Technique in DeLilloââ¬â¢s White Noise Essay Narrative Technique in DeLilloââ¬â¢s White Noise American literature has evolved extensively over the course of the history of the republic, from the Puritan sermons which emphasized the importance of a solid individual relationship between the individual self and the omnipotent God to the parody of relativism we find in Joseph Hellerââ¬â¢s Catch-22. One of the recurring concerns of American fiction, though by no means restricted to American writing, is the position of the self with regard to the other, whether manifest as God, nature, the community, or another individual. Since at least the Modernist period, writers have explored the definitions and relationships of the self formally as well as thematically and narratively. Don DeLilloââ¬â¢sâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Frank Lentricchia has written in detail of the postmodern narrative technique of movement from a first-person subjectivity to a third-person objectivity as integral to the American experience. This distancing of the reader from the reality of the novel has s everal functions. By telling a story through the eyes of Gladney, we experience contemporary mass culture, DeLilloââ¬â¢s favorite theme, as Gladney does; we experience the same (or similar) disillusion and confusion that Gladney does and we share in Gladneyââ¬â¢s distancing of himself from his experience. In this way, the narratorââ¬â¢s state of mind is a mimetic reproduction of anyone in the readerââ¬â¢s reality. The objectified subject technique that DeLillo employs also serves as the site of DeLilloââ¬â¢s further explorations of character, perception, and action. By treating a character who treats himself and his experience as an object, DeLillo can cast his characters into roles not mimetically coherent. The identity and characteristics of the narrator in the novel evoke a number of questions of critical importance to our understanding of the whole work and the interaction of its parts. Rarely has a work of fiction so utterly interweaved the relationship between narrator and story narrated so neatly and successfully. The choice of Jack Gladney as the novelââ¬â¢s narrator, called DeLilloââ¬â¢s most important formal decision (Lentricchia 93), literally casts the entire work in a new light, shiftingShow MoreRelated The Power of the Family in White Noise Essay examples1139 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Power of the Family in White Noise à Don Dellilos protagonist in his novel White Noise, Jack Gladney, has a nuclear family that is, ostensibly, a prime example of the disjointed nature way of the family of the 80s and 90s -- what with Jacks multiple past marriages and the fact that his children arent all related. Its basically the antipodal image of the 1950s nuclear family. Despite this surface-level disjointedness, it is his family and the extrasensory rapport thatRead MoreElements of Postmodernism in Ishmael Reeds Mumbo Jumbo, Don Delillos White Noise, Toni Morrisons Beloved and Thomas Pynchons the Crying of Lot 496348 Words à |à 26 Pagesconsideration of difference, an insistent attention to the local cultures and undervalued constituencies that modernisms exaltation of unity and grand narrative often obscured, which can easily be observed by reading and analyzing some of the most important works of American postmodern fiction. Works such as Ishmael Reeds Mumbo Jumbo, Don DeLillos White Noise, Toni Morrisons Beloved and Thomas Pynchons The Crying of Lot 49 are only a few of many which contain all or some of postmodernisms most distinguishableRead MoreFeatures of Metafiction and Well Known Writers of the Genre Essay3025 Words à |à 13 Pagestheory of mimesis (imitation) posits that there is a world out there, a world in which we all live and act, which we call ââ¬Å"the real worldâ⬠. What fiction does (for that matter any art) is to try and (re) present this world using narrative techniques (or artistic techniques)â⬠(Thaninayagam 12). Historiographic metafiction is an offshoot of postmodern art form. The term historiographic metafiction was coined by Linda Hutcheon in her book A Poetics of Postmodernism : History, Theory, Fiction. AccordingRead MorePostmodernism in Literature5514 Words à |à 23 Pagesas a whole, is difficult to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, scope, and importance of postmodern literature. However, unifying features often coincide with Jean-Franà §ois Lyotards concept of the meta-narrative and little narrative, Jacques Derridas concept of play, and Jean Baudrillards simulacra. For example, instead of the modernist quest for meaning in a chaotic world, the postmodern author eschews, often playfully, the possibility of meaning, and theRead More Transcendence and Technology in William Gibsons Neuromancer3154 Words à |à 13 PagesTranscendence and Technology in Neuromancer à à à à à à Where do we go from here? Case asks near the conclusion of William Gibsons novel Neuromancer (259). One answer suggested throughout most of the narrative is nowhere. True, geographically we are whisked around the urban centers of Earth in the near future, Chiba City, the Sprawl, Istanbul, and then to the orbital pleasure domes and corporate stronghold of Freeside and Straylight. The kind of movement to which I am referring is not overtly Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-64779448686685542962020-05-06T16:27:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:27:31.616-07:00Problems of the Food System Essay - 2113 Words We live in an age in which we have come to expect everything to be instantaneously at our fingertips. We live in an age of instant coffee, instant tea, and even instant mashed potatoes. We can walk down the street at 5 in the morning and get a gallon of milk or even a weeks worth of groceries at our discretion. Even though it is great that food is now readily available at all times, this convenience comes at a price, for both the producer and the consumer. Farmers are cheated out of money and are slaves to big business, workers and animals are mistreated. And, because food now comes at a low cost, it has become cheaper quality and therefore potentially dangerous to the consumerââ¬â¢s health. These problems surrounding the ethics and theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Additionally, big business controls the farmers by capitalizing on widely used commodities. For example, the company Monsanto which is based in St. Louis, Missouri protects its dominance over the genetically modified crops such as the soy bean with the use of a patent law. Because of this, Monsantoââ¬â¢s patented genes ââ¬Å"account for 95 percent of all soy beans and 80 percent of all corn grown in the U.S.,â⬠(Associated Press). Although genetically modifying the soy bean crop has made it more readily available and more sustainable, this comes at a high price to farmers. Monsanto continues to raise their prices, which forces farmers to accrue even more debt, and there is no sign of the rise in the seed prices stopping. Since a lot of the farmers are under contract with Monsanto, there is nothing they can do about this unethical policy in fear of losing their job. If you think being a farmer is bad, try working in a slaughter house. ââ¬Å"Knocker, Sticker, Shackler, Rumper, First Legger, Knuckle Dropper,â⬠these are just a few of the positions the workers at a slaughterhouse get assigned to. Simply reading the names of the above job positions induces a sense of nausea and hints a t the inherent brutality that these positions demand (Schlosser, 172). Because the weight and size of cows are unpredictable, most of the labor in the slaughterhouse must be done by hand. On the kill floor of a slaughterhouse,Show MoreRelatedQuality Control : Quality Of A Product And Service1268 Words à |à 6 Pagesfor employees to become involved in the quality process; effective leaders successfully communicate this to employees. Restaurant should be focusing on quality goal. And with employees in restaurant, helps to they create good ideas that every solve problems. Restaurant should give staff with the training, use technique because present, most restaurants have loaded the technique equipment, and sources to ensure they have the required skills and abilities to take responsibility for their roles and moveRead MoreWhat Are the Main Causes of Food Insecurity in the World Today?1656 Words à |à 7 PagesWhat are the main causes of food insecurity in the world today? Outline an d evaluate 2 or 3 possible solutions to food insecurity problems Currently, millions of people across the globe suffer from under-nutrition and hunger. In 2007, the UN (United Nations) estimated that there are approximately 850 million people who suffer undernourishment in the world today. It also reported that 799 million undernourished people live in developing countriesRead MoreSustainability of The Global Food System1104 Words à |à 5 Pagesneed to consume food to supply nutrient-needs for our bodies. As the global population increased, the demand for food also increased. Increased population led to mass production of foods. However, even with this mass production, in under-developed countries, people are still undernourished. On other hand, in developed and developing countries, people are overfed and suffering from obesity. In addition, the current methods of industrial farming destroy the environment. These problems raised a questionRead MoreThreats to Global Food Supplies Essay621 Words à |à 3 Pages There are many threats to global food supplies. Explain the problem, identity possible solutions, and assess the implications of implementing these solutions. Because of the increasing world population and the growth of the environmental problems such as global warming and acid rain, global food supplies meet great challenges to feed so many people especially those in economically richer areas wasting foods. A series of problems following food supply shortage like the competition of landRead MoreUnderstanding The Impact Of Junk Food Essay1510 Words à |à 7 Pages: Understanding the Impact of Junk Food INTRODUCTION Junk Food is that type of food which doesnââ¬â¢t contain nutritional value. It do not contain high level of calories and has little protein, vitamins and minerals. Such foods are also not good for health and has negative effects after consuming them. Why there is a More Demand of Junk Food? There are following reasons which shows that why people are attracted towards junk food:- â ¦ Preparation of junk food doesnââ¬â¢t take so much time and it isRead MoreThe Current Food Of Food707 Words à |à 3 PagesThe current food system is highly market oriented and has many flawes that impact people in negative ways. The system contains problems starting form the production stage (farm labor issues) to the distribution ( food insecurities ). The current food system is primary driven by commodity rather than what people in communities want or need. In other words, because of globalization the food system provides customers with goods without asking the needs and want of the people. For instance, many citiesRead MoreOverpopulation Is The Scarcity Of Food Supplies1408 Words à |à 6 PagesEarth can hold (ConserveEnergyFuture, 2013). When overpopulation occurs, the number of resources on Earth cannot support the total population, thus resulting in various problems that conflict with the worldââ¬â¢s peace and harmony. One major problem that is caused by overpo pulation is the scarcity of food supplies. There is not enough food being produced to feed the mouths of the endlessly increasing population. Therefore, many people all over the world starve and are malnourished, which is why many armedRead MoreThe Food System Is Essential For Sustaining Human Life1345 Words à |à 6 PagesThe food system is essential to sustaining human life, yet it often gets overlooked. Feeding a city comes with a lot of issues, especially feeding the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) at a population of 414,000 (Statistics Canada, 2015). Although food is required to sustain humans, it has not always been produced sustainably in Halifax. Food sustainability is not only concerned with the food people consume, but rather looks at the whole system, interconnecting social, economic, and environmentalRead MoreFood Security Movement And The Global Food Supply Initiatives977 Words à |à 4 Pageslocal and global food systems controlling most of production, processing , distribution, marketing and retailing of food. This gives big businesses the power to eliminate competition and dictate their own terms to their suppliers forcing farmers and consumers into poverty and malnutrition. As a result, movements such as food security, global food supply initiatives and Food Sovereignty have been created to combat the damage big corporations have caused on farmers and communities. The food security movementRead MoreChief General Of The Un Food And Agriculture Organization1428 Words à |à 6 PagesFormer Director-General of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Jacques Diouf, once commented, Defeating hunger is a realistic goal for our time, as long as lasting political, economic, financial, and technical solutions are adopted. In his speech, Diouf referred to a sustainable development issue known as food security, an international issue that involves the availability, access, utilization, and stability of food. With recent global attention directed towards seemingly more Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-76027366824371137772020-05-05T19:21:00.001-07:002020-05-05T19:21:11.983-07:00Money and Capital Market Analysis Samples â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Money and Capital Market Analysis. Answer: Introduction The report provides a background to the understanding of the money and capital markets and financial institutional risk. It has a relation with the case that led to the collapse of the Barings and the same was due to the unauthorized trading and losses approaches carried by Nick Leeson in the derivatives market of the bank. Background of the case (Collapse of the Barings) The case is related with the collapse of the oldest merchant bank of Britain i.e. Baring Futures that collapsed in the year 1995 after landing in the debts of S$1.4 billion that was made by the one and only trustworthy employee named Nick Leeson. The Bank had been operating for around 233 years but the single handed company i.e. management by Nick led to the collapse. The major features of the case are as follows: Leeson was thought to be the most trustworthy employee because in the initial stages of joining the bank made high amount of contributions that were a result of the unauthorized trades of speculation and the same had led to 10% profits of the bank in 1993 (Abid Ahmed, 2014). On losing the amounts, he hid them and kept in a hidden account that was known as error account 88888. The auditors were kept away by hiding all the important documents of the banks. The losses of the bank had been almost half of its total capital in the year 1994 but still he did not disclose the same in any manner possible. He undertook the use of straddle i.e. part of the option trading on both the Singapore and Nikkei Stock Exchange by betting a drop of around 19000 points but, he lost around 7% per week due to the unexpected earthquake. The confidence of the bank on Nick did not lower down as they were not aware about the risks that were possessed by the bank. Leeson had been active and accurately made false declarations to the regulatory authorities that led to the accumulation of the losses for the avoidance of the margin call. The bank was benefitted from Bank of England even after the rule being that a bank could not lend an amount of more than 25% of the total capital to the other entity. But, after the Nick got aware that the final losses of S$2.2 million will not be recovered in the year 1995, he fled and after several attempts made to rescue, he was detained. Thus, the whole scenario led to the collapse of the bank that had been ruling for 223 years as the debt had exceeded the total owned capital of the bank (Bodur, 2012). It was after the occurrence of the Baring Case that there were strict management and actions taken to product the trading and losses under the futures and options contracts. Future Contracts and the principle behind it The major points are as follows: The contracts has a legal binding among two parties for buying and selling commodities of specified nature at a date specified in future that is identified in the present date. They allow the management and speculators to gain from the movement in the prices as it provides liquidity. The future contracts are offered by the exchanges in the future and thus the same provides a range of contracts for the management of the risks There are short, medium and longer term rates of interests for hedging the same and speculating the losses and avoiding them before hand (Chui, 2012). Basic rule that determines the timing of the various transactions RULE The basic rule is that while establishing the strategy of hedging that was also carried out in the Nick Baring case that undertook the help of the straddle option to hedge the losses is as follows: Conduct a dealing or transaction in todays date in the future market that will have a correspondence with the intention of the trader in the future date. In the case of the Baring Collapse case, Nick had hedged the losses in the stock exchanges of Singapore and Nikkei and put a bet that there will be a fall of 19000 points in the Nikkei exchange. But, the same turned upside down after the unexpected occurrence of the earthquake. Thus, the intention of having a future dealing by conducting at the present date determines a contract (Hamilton Micklethwait, 2016). PROCEDURE The procedures involved in buying the future contract are as below: The contracts get traded on formal platforms like the SFE exchanges There will be a broker who will help in placing the market order of buying or selling The dealings can be performed in open like the CBOT or in close electronic platforms like SFE The modern age use the approach of electronic trading systems and not open ones that automatically undertakes the matching of buy or sale. The records of the trading is conducted and the transactions are granted by the clearing houses There is a margin that represents the coverage of the adversity in the movement of the prices with which the contracts have been performed. There will be a daily system of carrying out of the mark to market rule by the clearing houses. A maintenance margin is maintained for saving the clients in cases where the movement of prices had gone against the client (Johal et al., 2012) Implications of being long and short The implication of being long in terms of future contracts represents the situation that the trader going long will possibly incur more losses in case of the fall in the underlying asset of the contract. The implication of being long in terms of future contracts represents the situation that the trader going short will possibly incur more gains in case of the rise in the underlying asset of the contract. Procedures for closing out positions prior to delivery The cases and the procedures are as under: In case of the closing out of the client before the date of the expiry, there is an undertaking of an opposite contract A long position is a buy contract of futures that intents to buy forward and the same is closed out by selling another contract with the same date of expiry and commodity A short position is a sale contract of futures that intents to sell forward and the same is closed out by buying another contract with the same date of expiry and commodity (Lui, 2012) Failure of the Barings management The management of the Baring Bank was inefficient and ineffective in its operations and functioning of its management system due to the following reasons: Nick had been adopting the system the putting off the losses in an account 88888 that was never identified by the management due the lack of proficiency and practice of expertise and due diligence The management system never took any steps to identify that there have been steps taken by Nick to hide the important and significant documents from the auditors to check the actual transactions and dealing occurring within the organization (Moosa Silvapulle, 2012) Risk management Nature of risk The risk is the possibility of unexpected or unanticipated occurrences that may occur within the company and it leads to an addition of ambiguity to the management of the business. It has an exposure towards both operational and financial operations. The risks and threats are a basic and fundamental part of every organization and the management of the same is a must for every entities. The risk of increasing debts exceeding more than the capital can lead to the loss of the going concern of the entire corporation as was seen in the case of the Barings collapse due to the misappropriation of the trading deals and losses by Nike the derivative trader of the Bank (Ojo, 2016). Purpose of risk management Risk management is an effective measure that is solely undertaken for the effective control and management of the going concern capacity and continuation of an entity. The risks must be identified in the initial stages and accurately assessed and evaluated to get an outline of the risks possessed by the company. By making an outline and approach, a corporation can maintain its position and safeguard itself from the vulnerability to the hazardous elements and threats present in the environment of the business organization (Persaud, 2014). Thus, the main purposes include: Assurance about the organization getting aware of the risks within the business operations Assurance about the personnel considering the outcomes of risk that are drawn from their decision making processes Establishment of a strong and healthy risk management objectives, policies, procedures and strategies to safeguard from a wide range of the risk exposures Responsibility for the establishment of risk management The responsibility of the establishment of risk management lies on the following: Board of directors those having charge to determine and document the objectives of management of risks The CEO i.e. chief executive officer and executive management are equally responsible towards the establishment of the procedures and strategies of the management of risks along with the structures of reporting of the same (Reason, 2016). The responsibility for the establishment of risk management objectives, policies, procedures and strategies in a corporation lays on the management system of the company i.e. the board of directors. The administrative forces and authorities are liable and accountable to present a plan and scenario of presenting the strategies to manage and safeguard the company from the risk identified by them in the initial stages of taking up the risk management policy. Thus, a Corporate Governance must be identified in the company to undertake the management of the risks arising within the organization (Sikka, 2015). Nick Leeson case The logic and reasons why risk must be identified measured and managed in the corporations with respect to the Nick Leeson case are as below: An organization must enquire before the types of exposures that exist in order to initiate the process of managing the risks and thus, the necessity of identification of the prospective or probable risks arises. The exposures that have a relation or link between the components of operational or financial nature must be known and thus must be identified accordingly. There are variations in the nature, scope and extent of the exposures related to the risks that varies as per the business operations as in case of Baring that was a financial institution and it has an exposure towards a wide range of risks and threats. Thus, after the identification and evaluation of the exposures of the risk, the prospective risks related to the operations and functions must be measured as per the given variety of situations (Singh, 2013) After the performance of the quantitative analysis, the corporation will become efficient towards deciding the management of the risks and the alternative strategies will be identified and analyzed for the accuracy in the policies of the risk management to implement the same. Main functions of capital Capital is the actual wealth of an entity that will assist and aid in the production of more and increased wealth. The functions include: Allowing the transactions and dealings to take place as per the requirement Maintaining the risk exposures and other margins required to continue the proceedings of a company Providing employment to the desirable staff Overview of Basel II framework The first pillar of the Basel II is Minimum capital requirements and it requires the standard minimum requirement. In the given case, the Baring Bank had attained capital that was against the rule, from the Bank of England as one bank can offer not more than 25% of the capital to another entity. The second pillar of the Basel II is Supervisory review and its deals with the provision of frameworks that deals with the strategic, reputational, systematic and a variety of other risks that occur within the environment. The third pillar of the Basel II is The Market Discipline and this determines the disclosure procedure of allowing the markets to gauge the adequate amount of requirement of the capital. Types of acceptable capital under the Basel II and Basel III The different types of acceptable capital under the Basel II and Basel III capital accords are as below: The factors that help in distinguishing Basel II and III are as follow: The stricter standards and the capital: In case of BASEL III, there is a requirement of 10.5% of the Risk Weighted Assets that will form a part of the overall capital base of the entity Buffer of Capital conservation: There has been an introduction of 2.5% of buffer or cushion to be maintained by the banks so that it can face the economic crisis or losses of financial nature. Counter-cyclical Buffer of Capital conservation: There has been an introduction of -0.25% of broader or wider buffer or cushion to be maintained by the banks so that it can face the excessiveness in the growth of the credits that means the enhancement of the risks in the sector of banks. Conclusion From the above case it can be understood and evaluated that the inefficiency in the money and capital markets can lead to an overall financial institutional risk. In the Barings Bank case, Nick had taken the benefit of the mismanagement occurring within the company. Thus, the management must take steps to manage and review the same in a continuous basis. The unauthorized trading and losses approaches can lead to the overall financial destruction that can be understood from the above case. An organization must enquire before the types of exposures that exist in order to initiate the process of managing the risks and thus, the necessity of identification of the prospective or probable risks arises. The exposures that have a relation or link between the components of operational or financial nature must be known and thus must be identified accordingly. References Abid, G., Ahmed, A. (2014). Failing in corporate governance and warning signs of a corporate collapse. Anagnostis, K., Alexios, K. (2014). Factors of Weaknesses of Supervisory Methods as Components of Systematic Risk. The Impacts of Collapses to Instability of Banking System.Procedia Economics and Finance,9, 120-132. Bodur, Z. (2012). Operational Risk and Operational Risk related Banking Scandals/large Incidents.Maliye Finans Yaz?lar?,26(97), 64-86. Chui, M. (2012, February). Derivatives markets, products and participants: an overview. InChina and the Irving Fisher Committee in Zhengzhou on 2729 September 2010. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the BIS or the central banks represented at the meeting. Individual papers (or excerpts thereof) may be reproduced or translated with the authorisation of the authors concerned.(p. 3). Hamilton, S., Micklethwait, A. (2016).Greed and corporate failure: The lessons from recent disasters. Springer. Johal, S., Moran, M., Williams, K. (2012).Post-Crisis Financial Regulation in Britain(pp. 67-95). na. Kantukov, M., Medvedskaja, D. (2013). From dishonesty to disaster: the reasons and consequences of rogue traders fraudulent behavior. In(Dis) Honesty in Management(pp. 147-165). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Lui, A. (2012). Retail ring-fencing of banks and its implications.Journal of Banking Regulation,13(4), 336-348. Moosa, I., Silvapulle, P. (2012). An empirical analysis of the operational losses of Australian banks.Accounting Finance,52(1), 165-185. Ojo, M. (2016). International framework for liquidity risk measurement, standards and monitoring: corporate governance and internal controls. Persaud, A. (2014). Why bail-in securities are fool's gold.Browser Download This Paper. Reason, J. (2016).Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Sikka, P. (2015, March). The corrosive effects of neoliberalism on the UK financial crises and auditing practices: A dead-end for reforms. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 1-18). Elsevier. Singh, D. (2012).Banking regulation of UK and US financial markets. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Singh, D. (2013). The role of external auditors in bank supervision: a supervisory gatekeeper?. Valdez, S., Molyneux, P. (2015).An introduction to global financial markets. Palgrave Macmillan. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-71121811511868151112020-04-13T06:51:00.001-07:002020-04-13T06:51:03.713-07:00J.R.R. Tolkien Middle Earth Essays - J. R. R. Tolkien, J.R.R. Tolkien: Middle Earth J.R.R. Tolkien: Middle Earth John Ronald Reuel Tolkien is remembered for his imaginative writings and the lasting creation of Middle-earth world. However, he was also a great scholar and linguist, holding the position of the Rawlingson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University. His writings owe much of its power to his ocean of knowledge about European languages and a deep understanding and appreciation of the art of storytelling and myths. His books have been translated into twenty-four languages and many millions of copies have been sold worldwide. Tolkien was born in the Orange Free State, in what is now South Africa, on January 3, 1892. However, his mother brought him home to England when he was four, and after his father's death his family made their home in rural Sarehole, then on the edge of the industrial city, Brimingham. When Tolkien was only twelve, his mother passed away, leaving him and his brother in the care of Father Francis Xavier Morgan. Father Morgan was a very strong moral influence on young Tolkien and provided him with loving support though to his years in college. Tolkien received a very good high school education at King Edward VI School, one of the finest schools in England at the time. From there he went up to Oxford, where he studied English at Exeter College, gaining him first class honors. At the age of twenty-one, Tolkien proposed to his childhood sweetheart, Edith Bratt, although it was against the wishes of Father Morgan, who objected to him marrying someone three years older than himself. However, the two were unable to wed for a few years because Tolkien was drafted to fight in World War I. During the war he served in the Lancashire Fusiliers as an officer, and survived the Somme, though many of his close friends and colleagues died. His respect for the common soldier under the great stress of war shows through in his later writings, where the Hobbits show strength in Mordor, previously unseen by themselves or others. After the war he got a job, working at the New English Dictionary, but in 1920 he was appointed reader in English at Leeds University. Four years later he was promoted to Professor, which is the highest academic rank in British universities. It was this time that he started writing. At this stage he thought of his tales as being a new mythology for England. These early works, which laid the basis for his later works, are now published as The Book of Lost Tales. In 1925 he was elected to the Professorship at Oxford. There he specialized in Philology, the study of words, and was among the most accomplished scholars in his field. His love of words led him to work on a series of languages for the Elves of Middle-earth. Though out his lifetime this obsession drove him to produce fourteen languages and he also showed how these languages developed over the course of history of Middle-earth. Tolkien said that the one of the first alphabets, called Tengwar, became very popular because it was a very flexible writing system that was easily adapted by the many different races of Middle-earth for use with their languages. The main flaw of this language was that it was very difficult to inscribe onto metal, stone or wood. This led to the creation of alphabet but with simpler characters made with strait lines. Tolkien often signed his work with }[emailprotected]@O8bael/u} , which translates into his name. Over the course of the next few years Tolkien wrote four books for each of his four children. Of these, The Hobbit is the best known and was eventually published in 1937. Stanley Unwin, the publisher asked for a sequel but Tolkien was skeptical of a sequel's success. He felt as if his work would only be enjoyed by a small minority and was surprised with his previous success. Once he began though, he became very involved with the book. Unfortunately World War II intervened, and slowed the process down considerably, taking a total of twelve years to complete. The book blossomed into more than a sequel, being not a book for children, but a great saga for adults, The Lord of the Rings. At the time of its first publication the book received mixed reviews. It was not until the late 60's and early 70's that Tolkien's popularity increased dramatically with the official release of the Lord of the Rings in the Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-18095282563043541712020-03-11T08:22:00.001-07:002020-03-11T08:22:03.985-07:00Free Essays on Agency Intranetââ¬Å"Intranets are everywhere. In a recent Forrester Research Inc. survey of executives at 50 Fortune 1000 companies, 96 percent of those polled were either building or already using internal Web sites. Only 4 percent had no plans to invest in intranet technology. Other surveys indicate that 65 percent to 90 percent of America's biggest corporations expect to implement intranets by the end of this year.â⬠cio.com/archive/webbusiness/100197_power.html When I first began this project, I had no idea how to make the Intranet work for us, or actually what the Intranet was, this gave me a lot to learn is a very short period of time. The Intranet page is one that began very small and grew rapidly; most of the employees gave suggestions as to what they wanted to see housed on their Intranet. We use this as a Newspaper of types, if you want to print it off to read later at your leisure you can do so. I received most of the information about Intranets through the website dhark.com/intranet.html which gave me good design issues and how to solve the problems that I would be facing. The site gave some powerful presentations to view and save to review repeatedly, this assisted me in showing Upper Management what they were missing in not using the Intranet. I found that the Internet was a powerful tool for researching a subject and in relation to the Intranet; it gave me well over two hundred eighty sites to view and learn from. This is sometim es good and sometimes bad due to the massive amounts of information to sift through. One of the first things that I learned about an Intranet is the network, I did not understand the basics of that until I had a technician draw out what a basic network looked like then I understood. We actually house three networks here, one is under a NOVEL platform, one is under a LINUX platform and the last is under a Windows 2000 platform. Each has itsââ¬â¢ own unique standards and programs, which are... Free Essays on Agency Intranet Free Essays on Agency Intranet ââ¬Å"Intranets are everywhere. In a recent Forrester Research Inc. survey of executives at 50 Fortune 1000 companies, 96 percent of those polled were either building or already using internal Web sites. Only 4 percent had no plans to invest in intranet technology. Other surveys indicate that 65 percent to 90 percent of America's biggest corporations expect to implement intranets by the end of this year.â⬠cio.com/archive/webbusiness/100197_power.html When I first began this project, I had no idea how to make the Intranet work for us, or actually what the Intranet was, this gave me a lot to learn is a very short period of time. The Intranet page is one that began very small and grew rapidly; most of the employees gave suggestions as to what they wanted to see housed on their Intranet. We use this as a Newspaper of types, if you want to print it off to read later at your leisure you can do so. I received most of the information about Intranets through the website dhark.com/intranet.html which gave me good design issues and how to solve the problems that I would be facing. The site gave some powerful presentations to view and save to review repeatedly, this assisted me in showing Upper Management what they were missing in not using the Intranet. I found that the Internet was a powerful tool for researching a subject and in relation to the Intranet; it gave me well over two hundred eighty sites to view and learn from. This is sometim es good and sometimes bad due to the massive amounts of information to sift through. One of the first things that I learned about an Intranet is the network, I did not understand the basics of that until I had a technician draw out what a basic network looked like then I understood. We actually house three networks here, one is under a NOVEL platform, one is under a LINUX platform and the last is under a Windows 2000 platform. Each has itsââ¬â¢ own unique standards and programs, which are... Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-77370383933235448332020-02-23T22:46:00.001-08:002020-02-23T22:46:02.377-08:00Information Security Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsInformation Security Plan - Essay Example The organisation is housed in a detached, multi-storeyed building located in the central business district of an Australian city. The company owns several assets that may at risk (Hall 2012, 273). The companyââ¬â¢s physical holdings include the tables, chairs, computers, cabinets, calculators, printers, fax machine, scanner, delivery equipment, production equipment, inventories, and air conditions. The companyââ¬â¢s employees use the tables, calculators, and chairs to process their daily activities like recording business transactions. The business transactions include selling the companyââ¬â¢s goods and services. Further, the companyââ¬â¢s employees also use the chairs to accomplish their daily responsibilities of processing the sales and purchase of inventory items (Brigham 2010, 105). In addition, the employees use the chairs whenever they prepare their monthly reports. The employees use the chairs because it would be too taxing for the employees to stand up the whole day while encoding the companyââ¬â¢s business transactions. Management assigns one chair t each employee. ... In addition, the companyââ¬â¢s employees file their printed records in the cabinet (Schlesinger 2007, 2). The cabinet contains confidential printed records of the companyââ¬â¢s daily transactions. The transaction records include the number of items bought by the companyââ¬â¢s current and prospective customers. The transaction records include the amount and quantity bough from the current and prospective suppliers. Likewise, the company uses the printers to print the required hard copy reports (Stickney 2009, 366). The company also uses the printers to print sales letters that are submitted to the companyââ¬â¢s current and prospective customers. The company uses the printers to submit purchase requisitions to the companyââ¬â¢s current and prospective suppliers. The employees use the printers to prepare their monthly reports or presentations. In addition, the company uses the fax machines and scanners to send information to entities outside the companyââ¬â¢s premises (Hussey 2010, 11). The fax machines and scanners hasten the transfer of printed copies. The use of the fax machines and scanners eliminate the process of sending confidential data through the post office, snail mail. Normally, the fax machines can be used as telephones. In the same manner, the company uses delivery equipments (Hussey 2010, 11). The delivery equipments include trucks, cars, and other delivery vehicles. The company uses the delivery equipments to deliver the sold products to the companyââ¬â¢s current and prospective customers. In addition, the company harnesses the delivery equipments to retrieve the purchased products from the companyââ¬â¢s current and prospective suppliers. Further, the company owns inventories (Mendell 2006, 21). The inventories Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-24996753483006747202020-02-07T15:34:00.001-08:002020-02-07T15:34:02.102-08:00SAQ 1116 Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsSAQ 1116 - Scholarship Essay Example Review and evaluate each method in the context of your own dissertation proposal and justify why you have or have not chosen either method as a means of data collection. While designing a research method, a key question is what should be the number of respondents. In research design, we must consider the tradeoff between efficiency (by increasing no. of respondents) and richness (by increasing depth of our questions) of data. Interviews can be unstructured, focused with more structure or highly structured resembling a questionnaire. Questions asked in an interview can be a 'Pure Inquiry' (What happened), 'Exploratory Diagnostic Inquiry' (What did you do) or even 'Confrontive Inquiry' (Have you thought about doing this). Since answers are in more detail, they provide in-depth or 'qualitative' data. Questionnaires are used generally to ask only 'Highly Structured' questions. Though it is obvious that you do not get much depth or quality answers, the efficiency of data is improved. Since a vast number of cases can be studied, the risk of interviewee bias and other problems can be reduced. Both quantitative and qualitative data offer alternative advantages and benefits that eventually serve the validity and the credibility of the entire research project. However, due to the nature of the dissertation, which requires much exploration, getting more quality and in-depth answers would be more desirable. Therefore, significant weight will be attributed to the qualitative approach, which is 'Interview Technique'. SAQ 13: Briefly review the Action Research and Case Research papers and compare each method as appropriate means of data collection or methodology for your dissertation research project. (500 words approx) Answer: Action Research Action Research (AR) is an approach to research that aims both at taking action and creating knowledge or theory about that action. Action Researcher takes action and is not merely a spectator. However, since AR projects are situation specific, they do not 'aim' to create universal knowledge. At the same time, it may extrapolate to other similar situation. Action Research is highly interactive requiring cooperation between the researchers and the client. AR is used to understand, plan and implement change in the style of working and should be conducted in real time. AR is appropriate when the research question describes an unfolding series of action and an analysis as to how and why these actions could change to improve the working. The Action Researcher needs to act in a facilitative manner to help clients inquire into their own issues and create and implement solutions. An AR cycle comprises three types of steps: 1. A pre-step: to understand the context and its purpose. 2. Six main steps: to gather data, feedback and analyse data, and to plan, implement and evaluate the action. 3. A meta-step to monitor. Case Research Case Research (CR) is based on analysis of a limited Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-19012625201403675692020-01-29T10:07:00.001-08:002020-01-29T10:07:03.275-08:00The book A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free The book A Christmas Carol Essay The three ghosts add to the popularity of the novel. First of all they take Scrooge on a journey. This is popular because it gives a sense of adventure and adventure themes are very popular for example Charlotte Bronti s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronti s Wuthering heights. The reason these adventures were so popular is because it is a journey through time. This is a new thing for the Victorians which creates shock nowadays. We relate to this through television like doctor who. Also this makes scrooge change; this makes it popular as its not all about visiting place, its about he reacts and changes. At the end of the novel scrooge has completely changed. He has changed from being old, miserable and mean; to being kind and exhilarated (quote). In the first paragraph Dickens cleverly used scrooges voice to describe the room (quote). This makes us empathise with him and feel his excitement. Dickens also uses repetition to emphasise scrooges laugh (quote). He does this to make sure that the audience has noticed that he is laughing. Scrooge also sends for a giant turkey for Bob cratchitt and gives the boy money for getting it. He also pays for a cab so the delivery person doesnt have to carry it. This part of the novel shows how much scrooge has changed. He has become generous, kind and considerate. Next scrooge walks around the street greeting people. He also bumps into the charity collectors who he gave a huge contribution too. You begin to see that Dickens has cleverly repeated the events from stave 1, but made them chances for scrooge to be generous, for example the boy, the charity men, his nephew This has a huge effect on people and most of them are surprised and happy for example the charity men. Cried the old gentleman. This is repeated to show his pleasure. Again this emphasises the point and makes us relate and feel the enthusiasm and joy. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-78718482919103499162020-01-21T06:31:00.001-08:002020-01-21T06:31:02.552-08:00Genre Theory and John Fords Stagecoach Essay -- Movie Film Films CineGenre Theory and John Ford's Stagecoach The analytic theory posited by Robert Warshow in his essay "The Westerner", itemizes the elements necessary for a film to belong to the genre of the "western". Most contentiously, he mandates that the narrative focus upon the individual hero's plight to assert his identity, and diminishes the importance of secondary characters and issues, or any tendency toward "social drama." (431) He states that it is subtle variations that make successive instances of a genre film interesting, yet limits this variety to "minor variations in the characteristics of the actors who play the hero's role." (430) It is my belief that while exhibiting many of the traits itemized by Warshow, John Ford's Stagecoach (1939) also exhibits variations in characterization, symbolism and even moral focus which project it dangerously close to what Warshow would view as a "social" film. It would be nearly impossible to declare Stagecoach a non-western by either Warshow's own generic criteria or the expectations of the genre viewer, yet the film clearly conveys the more individuated social concerns of its director. While Warshow claims that this perversion of the norm threatens to make the genre uninteresting, I believe the contrary to be true. Subverting the expectations of the genre, while still functioning within the language of the "western" is what makes Stagecoach a powerful film, and legitimizes the notion of genre itself. The traits cited by Warshow as compulsory for the "western" are extensive. Most elements concern the figure of the melancholy cowboy hero, who is certainly present in Stagecoach in the personage of Ringo. The hero usually exhibits a certain leisure, an ambiguity of occupation, a noncha... ...r variations within the working out of a pre-established order." (461) However, his theory seems too eager to limit a genre film to achieving the same end in every incidence. I believe that Stagecoach reveals that it can be more constructive to achieve something new through the use of the conventional mode. It seems that it is only through the creation of an ostensibly new product by each recurrence of a generic form that a genre can continue. Theorists who deny the possibility of retaining enough of the original mode to make the film recognizable as part of a genre, while still capitalizing on the full range of variation available through plot, characterization, and style, underestimate the audience's capacity to simultaneously make connections and receive a new product. I believe an audience would rather be challenged than spoon-fed another "creative" recreation. Genre Theory and John Ford's Stagecoach Essay -- Movie Film Films Cine Genre Theory and John Ford's Stagecoach The analytic theory posited by Robert Warshow in his essay "The Westerner", itemizes the elements necessary for a film to belong to the genre of the "western". Most contentiously, he mandates that the narrative focus upon the individual hero's plight to assert his identity, and diminishes the importance of secondary characters and issues, or any tendency toward "social drama." (431) He states that it is subtle variations that make successive instances of a genre film interesting, yet limits this variety to "minor variations in the characteristics of the actors who play the hero's role." (430) It is my belief that while exhibiting many of the traits itemized by Warshow, John Ford's Stagecoach (1939) also exhibits variations in characterization, symbolism and even moral focus which project it dangerously close to what Warshow would view as a "social" film. It would be nearly impossible to declare Stagecoach a non-western by either Warshow's own generic criteria or the expectations of the genre viewer, yet the film clearly conveys the more individuated social concerns of its director. While Warshow claims that this perversion of the norm threatens to make the genre uninteresting, I believe the contrary to be true. Subverting the expectations of the genre, while still functioning within the language of the "western" is what makes Stagecoach a powerful film, and legitimizes the notion of genre itself. The traits cited by Warshow as compulsory for the "western" are extensive. Most elements concern the figure of the melancholy cowboy hero, who is certainly present in Stagecoach in the personage of Ringo. The hero usually exhibits a certain leisure, an ambiguity of occupation, a noncha... ...r variations within the working out of a pre-established order." (461) However, his theory seems too eager to limit a genre film to achieving the same end in every incidence. I believe that Stagecoach reveals that it can be more constructive to achieve something new through the use of the conventional mode. It seems that it is only through the creation of an ostensibly new product by each recurrence of a generic form that a genre can continue. Theorists who deny the possibility of retaining enough of the original mode to make the film recognizable as part of a genre, while still capitalizing on the full range of variation available through plot, characterization, and style, underestimate the audience's capacity to simultaneously make connections and receive a new product. I believe an audience would rather be challenged than spoon-fed another "creative" recreation. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-15093138493343243502020-01-13T02:54:00.001-08:002020-01-13T02:54:05.612-08:00Tenor in Email CommunicationToday we will be discussing ââ¬Å"tenorâ⬠in workplace emails. We will: 1) explain what tenor and how it is reflected in workplace emails, 2) why using proper tenor in the workplace is important, and 3) provide tips as to how you can successfully determine tenor for use in your own workplace emails. (First Slide) What is tenor? Tenor is the tone of a form of communication that reflects the relationship between the speaker and their audience. In regards to email, it is the relationship between the writer and their recipient. Every person uses different forms of tenor on a daily basis, whether they are in the work place, at home or even with friends. Tenor is present in an email and can be reflected in a number of ways. It is most evident in the formality of the speech used and the words chosen in the communication of ideas. However, the tenor of an email can also be affected by the subject matter of an email. More serious or pressing issues often call for a more formal use of tenor. (Second Slide) Why is tenor important? Also read: The Other Side of E-mail Tenor is an important element of workplace communication for a number of reasons. Firstly, the tenor used in an email demonstrates oneââ¬â¢s level of respect for who they are speaking to. In the workplace, it reflects the level of respect one shows for their superior, co-workers or even direct reports. This is evident in the politeness and mannerisms displayed in the email. Calling your friend ââ¬Å"dudeâ⬠may be normal in their company, but calling your boss the same may be taken as offensive or undermining. Secondly, tenor can display your dedication or seriousness about issue. While some subjects may discussed light-heartedly, such as an office event, while other require more a serious tone, such as discussing grievances or personal absences. Mistaking tenor in the workplace can have a number of negative effects. It could possibly damage your work relationships and create tension in the workplace, reduce the effectiveness of workplace communication and processes, as well as reduce your chances for advancement in a company. Always remember to consider if your words could be misinterpreted before you click send! (Third Slide) So how do you determine the proper tenor to use in your email? There are 3 simple questions that you can use to evaluate your relation to the recipient and effectively gauge the proper tenor in an email. These questions are as follows: Ask yourself ââ¬â What is the recipientââ¬â¢s position in the company? Are they a superior? A co-worker? A direct report? While these employees all share different roles, they can all be treated with different tenors. While your boss requires a highly formal level of tenor in your communication, a co-worker may not. ââ¬â What is the subject matter of the email? As we have already mentioned, the subject matter of the email you are writing may also have an effect on the tenor you should be using. For instance, consider the co-worker mentioned above. On a day-to-day basis, a co-worker may not require a highly formal tenor in communication. However, while discussing this co-workerââ¬â¢s grievances, bereavement leave or other personal matters, a more formal tenor may be required to spare their feelings and show your respect for their situation. ââ¬â Another good question to ask yourself is: Who will have access to the email? Although you may think the email you just sent is only seen by the recipient, this may not always be true. The last thing you want to happen is for your boss to see an email that you wrote and think that you may have disrespected another employee by using informal tenor. To end this conference, we would like to suggest some tips for determining and executing proper tenor in workplace emails. 1. Always use more formal language in your initial message. Once your recipient replies, it will be easier to determine what tenor is appropriate. It is better to err towards the casual side after an exchange of emails. 2. When in doubt, mirror it out! Mirroring is a valuable tool in determining workplace tenor. When mirroring, one simply replies to an email with the same tone as the sender. In other words, send email you would like to receive and you will do no wrong. 3. Always think before you send! You may think you are communicating one message, but your recipient may read another. Always be sure to re-read you emails and consider if your words could be misinterpreted. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-69142021234046140782020-01-04T23:18:00.001-08:002020-01-04T23:18:03.454-08:00Battle of Brandywine in the American Revolution The Battle of Brandywine was fought September 11, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). One of the largest battles of the conflict, Brandywine sawà General George Washingtonà attempt to defend the American capital at Philadelphia. The campaign began when British forces, led byà General Sir William Howeà departed New York City and sailed up the Chesapeake Bay. Landing in northern Maryland, the British advanced northeast towards Washingtons army. Clashing along the Brandywine River, Howe attempted to flank the American position. The resulting fight was one of the longest one-day battles of the war and saw the British force Washingtons men to retreat. Though beaten, the American army remained ready for another fight. In the days after Brandywine, both armies conducted a campaign of maneuver which resulted in Howe taking Philadelphia.à à à à Background In the summer of 1777, with Major General John Burgoynes army advancing south from Canada, the overall commander of British forces, Howe, prepared his own campaign for capturing the American capital at Philadelphia. Leaving a small force under Major General Henry Clinton at New York, he embarked 13,000 men on transports and sailed south. Entering the Chesapeake, the fleet traveled north and the army landed at Head of Elk, MD on August 25, 1777. Due to the shallow and muddy conditions there, delays ensued as Howe worked to disembark his men and supplies. Having marched south from positions around New York, American forces under General George Washington concentrated west of Philadelphia in anticipation of Howes advance. Sending forward skirmishers, the Americans fought minor a battle with Howes column at Elkton, MD. On September 3, fighting continued with a skirmish at Coochs Bridge, DE. In the wake of this engagement, Washington moved from a defensive line behind Red Clay Creek, DE north to a new line behind the Brandywine River in Pennsylvania. Arriving on September 9, he deployed his men to cover the river crossings. Armies Commanders: Americans General George Washington14,600 menââ¬â¹ British General Sir William Howe15,500 men The American Position Located approximately halfway to Philadelphia, the focus of the American line was at Chadds Ford, astride the main road into the city. Here Washington placed troops under Major General Nathanael Greene and Brigadier General Anthony Wayne. To their left, covering Pyles Ford, were around 1,000 Pennsylvania militia led by Major General John Armstrong. On their right, Major General John Sullivans division occupied the high ground along the river and Brintons Ford with Major General Adam Stephens men to the north. Beyond Stephens division, was that of Major General Lord Stirling which held Painters Ford. On the far right of the American line, detached from Stirling, was a brigade under Colonel Moses Hazen which had been assigned to watch Wistars and Buffingtons Fords. Having formed his army, Washington was confident that he had barred the way to Philadelphia. Arriving at Kennett Square to the southwest, Howe concentrated his army and assessed the American position. Rather than attempt a direct attack against Washingtons lines, Howe elected to use the same plan that had achieved victory the year before at Long Island (Map). Howes Plan This entailed sending a force to fix Washington in place while marching with the bulk of the army around the American flank. Accordingly, on September 11 Howe ordered Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen to advance to Chadds Ford with 5,000 men, while he and Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis moved north with the remainder of the army. Moving out around 5:00 AM, Cornwallis column crossed the West Branch of the Brandywine at Trimbles Ford, then turned east and crossed the East Branch at Jeffries Ford. Turning south, they advanced to high ground on Osbornes Hill and were in position to strike the American rear. Opening Shots Moving out around 5:30 AM, Knyphausens men moved along the road towards Chadds Ford and pushed back American skirmishers led by Brigadier General William Maxwell. The first shots of the battle were fired at Welchs Tavern approximately four miles west of Chadds Ford. Pushing ahead, the Hessians engaged a larger Continental force at Old Kennett Meetinghouse around mid-morning. à Finally arriving on the opposite bank from the American position, Knyphausens men began a desultory artillery bombardment. Through the day, Washington received various reports that Howe was attempting a flanking march. While this led to the American commander considering a strike on Knyphausen, he demurred when he received one report that convinced him the earlier ones were incorrect. Around 2:00 PM, Howes men were spotted as they arrived on Osbornes Hill. Flanked (Again) In a stroke of luck for Washington, Howe halted on the hill and rested for around two hours. This break allowed Sullivan, Stephen, and Stirling to hastily form a new line facing the threat. This new line was under the oversight of Sullivan and command of his division devolved to Brigadier General Preudhomme de Borre.à As the situation at Chadds Ford appeared stable, Washington informed Greene to be ready to march north at a moments notice. Around 4:00 PM, Howe began his attack on the new American line. Surging forward, the attack quickly shattered one of Sullivans brigades causing it to flee. This was due to it being out of position due to a series of bizarre orders issued by de Borre. Left with little choice, Washington summoned Greene. For around ninety minutes heavy fighting swirled around the Birmingham Meeting House and what is now known as Battle Hill with the British slowly pushing the Americans back.à Washington Retreats Marching an impressive four miles in forty-five minutes, Greenes troops joined the fray around 6:00 PM. Supported by the remnants of Sullivans line and Colonel Henry Knoxs artillery, Washington and Greene slowed the British advance and allowed the rest of the army to withdraw.à By around 6:45 PM, the fighting quieted and Brigadier General George Weedons brigade was tasked with covering the American retreat from the area. Hearing the fighting, Knyphausen began his own assault at Chadds Ford with artillery and columns attacking across the river. Encountering Waynes Pennsylvanians and Maxwells light infantry, he was able to slowly push the outnumbered Americans back. Halting at every stone wall and fence, Waynes men slowly bled the advancing enemy and were able to cover the retreat of Armstrongs militia which had not been engaged in the fighting. Continuing to fall back along the road to Chester, Wayne skillfully handled his men until the fighting petered out around 7:00 PM. Aftermath The Battle of Brandywine cost Washington around 1,000 killed, wounded, and captured as well as most of his artillery, while British losses were 93 killed, 488 wounded, and 6 missing. Among the American wounded was the newly arrived Marquis de Lafayette. Retreating from Brandywine, Washingtons army fell back on Chester feeling that it had merely lost a battle and desiring another fight. Though Howe had won a victory, he failed to destroy Washingtons army or immediately exploit his success. Over the next few weeks, the two armies engaged in a campaign of maneuver that saw the armies attempt to fight on September 16 near Malvern and Wayne defeated at Paoli on September 20/21. Five days later, Howe finally out-maneuvered Washington and marched into Philadelphia unopposed. The two armies next met at the Battle of Germantown on October 4. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-23743339394982086662019-12-27T19:42:00.001-08:002019-12-27T19:42:03.206-08:00My Writing, Peer Editing, And Analyzing Readings - 899 Words Throughout the English 101 course, I believe I have thoroughly improved in my writing, peer editing, and analyzing readings, along with annotating my thoughts, misunderstandings, and difficulties. I believe I have especially improved on my thesis statements, providing the basis for my essays. My thesis statements have went from being plain and uninteresting to being more detailed, clear, and concise. This enabled me to produced better written essays that are rich in detail, rhetorical statements, evidence, and experiences. I feel as if I came into this course not exactly sure how to write a college paper. I was always more focused on the length of my essays rather than the structure, vocabulary, and ideas my papers were exhibiting. My writing now flows better and presents my ideas in a clear, organized fashion. With an improvement in writing, there also comes an improvement in reading. The first reading assigned to us, ââ¬Å"The Banking Concept of Educationâ⬠by Paulo Freire, w as one of the more difficult pieces of writing I had been asked to analyze throughout my career as a student. This course has provided me with the resources and skills to break apart readings piece by piece and understand them as well as apply them to my own life. I slowly became a better reader, finally realizing the use of annotations and the importance of re-reading texts until you can understand them. A better understanding of the readings gave me the ability to produce essays that are well developedShow MoreRelatedTeaching Philosopy: How to Mark a Book by Mortimer Adler853 Words à |à 4 Pagesrelationship between reading and writing. One skill reinforces the other. Competent readers make competent writers. The challenge is universal: How do we transition students from high school to college English? I would like to say I have the answer, but the answer changes with each class and every semester. There isnââ¬â¢t one set model, and I understand that my model will constantly evolve and reflect my studentââ¬â¢s needs. I create my own reader for students, and as I was creating my reader for an EnglishRead MoreEssay736 Words à |à 3 PagesPrior to this enrolling in WRTG 107, my writing skills were not awful, but they were definitely not college level. After competing this specific assignment, Iââ¬â¢m undeniably better at drafting revising and editing as a whole. 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However, in Rhetoric and Composition, I was able to learn new skills that allowed me to improve as a writer. à In Rhetoric and Comp osition, I composed essays about my own subculture, a unique place ofRead MoreThe Six Course Goals Of This English 109w Course Essay1377 Words à |à 6 PagesThe six course goals of this English 109W course are to Engage in writing as a process that includes planning, revision, and editing based on feedback from peers and instructors; Critically read and analyze academic texts; Understand, identify, and analyze the rhetorical situations of academic texts, including their contexts, audiences, purposes and personas; Understand, identify, and analyze the rhetorical situations of academic texts, which may include genre, format, evidence, citation, style andRead MoreCritical Thinking And Peer Collaboration Skills1021 Words à |à 5 Pages Looking back at all my samples of work gave me a feeling of assurance that this semester of writing was successful. 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If I do not use an effective method of writing, I will not be able to deliver information Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-9237835666430335572019-12-19T15:31:00.001-08:002019-12-19T15:31:03.772-08:00Essay On Drug Testing - 956 Words Have you ever thought what would happen if the people who receive government assistance had to be drug tested prior to receiving help, like many who must be tested to keep their job? Many people must go through drug testing to get a job, then after they have it, they may be selected to be randomly tested again to keep their job. There are people down on their luck or going through a rough patch where they need to receive government assistance, nothing but an application needs to be filled out prior to receiving payment from the government. Drug testing for government assistance and how it may benefit the state budget is at the forefront of many news stories. Types of government programs available for different assistance, laws causingâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦[Washington, D.C]25 Jan 1999: A04. The reason for this drop-in numbers was due to ââ¬Å"the work first approach that helps recipients look for work and then pushes them to take any job they can find.â⬠As the na tion focuses on individual drug testing laws by state federally there are two provisions related to TANF and substance abuse, there has been since the 1996 welfare reform law. ââ¬Å"First, there is a provision that says States may require drug tests for welfare recipients and may penalize those who fail such tests (21 U.S.C. 862b). In addition, the law includes a lifetime ban on TANF and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps) benefits for persons convicted of a drug-related felony, though States have the option of modifying or opting out of the ban (21 U.S.C. 862a), and many have done so.â⬠ââ¬Å"Drug Testing Welfare Recipients: Recent Proposals and Continuing Controversies,â⬠(2012). Journal of Drug Addiction, Education, and Eradication, 8(2), 99-128. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/1731527138?accountid=8289 Additionally, there are many people who must be drug tested to get their job, they also are subjected to random drug testing after being hired. There are currently 15 states that have the drug testing law in place for government assistance. Of those, ââ¬Å"Floridaââ¬â¢s attempt to test all welfare applicants through a 2011 law ran afoul of the federal courts, as a U.S. District Court ruling that theShow MoreRelatedDrug Testing Essay1328 Words à |à 6 PagesEven though drug testing is very expensive, ALL high schoolââ¬â¢s athletes should be tested because drugs are bad for your health and very addictive. A simple drug test could save many lives. Many schools around deny the request to drug test their athletes for the simple conclusion that the cost of the testing would just be to expensive. I disagree whole heartedly on that because although it may be expensive, we could save so many lives by requiring drug tests to play sports. Many students have loveRead MoreDrug Testing Essay1200 Words à |à 5 PagesThere is a big question floating in the air around a lot of people today, ââ¬Å"Is drug testing the welfare constitutional or not?â⬠When dealing with this we come to many road blocks. We should know and understand the difference in a drug use problem and a psychiatric disorder. Also understanding the difference in substance abuse and substance dependence. Confusing the two could be an issue. When you decide to drug test the welfare there is much more that needs to go into it than just the test to determineRead MoreDrug Testing Essay2735 Words à |à 11 PagesDrug testing is a laboratory procedure that looks for evidence of drug consumption by analyzing urine, blood, and hair samples. If tested, you must provide a sample in front of an observer to make sure that it is not tampered with. Samples are then sent to a laboratory for analysis, after which the employer is notified of the results (Wodell 1). Exactly who should be subject to the new trend of mandatory drug tests, is the big question being raised among businesses, schools, athletes and federalRead MoreArgument Essay Random Drug Testing859 Words à |à 4 PagesARGUMENT ESSAY RANDOM DRUG TESTING Drug abuse has always been a very delicate question as it always it deals with the health, well-being and even lives of human beings belonging to any country. Many people have argued that mandatory drug testing is a violation of their civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution. The Fourth Amendment grants you the right against unreasonable searches and seizures, otherwise known as a persons right to privacy. However, employers have the right to know whetherRead MoreTesting for Drugs In The Olympics Essay1507 Words à |à 7 PagesCommittee (I.O.C.) certainly has.à Each year the athletes come up with new ways to enhance their performance, and make it harder for the Olympic drug testers to detect banned substances.à With performance enhancing drugs becoming harder to police, the burden of trying to keep the Olympics as clean as possible falls on the I.O.C.s shoulders. à à à à à à à à à à à Drug use in the Olympics is not a new idea.à Dating back to the runners and javelin throwers of ancient Greece and Rome, athletes have been lookingRead MoreWelfare Drug Testing Essay1383 Words à |à 6 PagesWelfare Drug Testing Trevor Brooks, SOC 110 11/09/2011 In todayââ¬â¢s America, government aid is highly depended on. The US government has spent $498 billion dollars this year on welfare alone. The state of Tennessee has an average of 250,000 residents on welfare and has $3 billion dollars this year alone. To help cut costs and help tax payers, 36 states, including Tennessee, have proposed a bill to drug test all welfare recipients. Since the beginning of the year, the welfare rateRead MorePersuasive Essay On Drug Testing927 Words à |à 4 Pagesforced to take a drug test before receiving financial assistance from the government. In the United States, some people across the country are failing drug tests. This means that they are tested for having illegal drugs. This is bad for the country because this could lead to death and being arrested. So the government is seeking to make these people have immediate drug tests so they can ââ¬Å"crackâ⬠this problem open. In the state of Tennessee, they passed a law to test people for drugs. As stated inRead More Drug Testing in the Workplace Essay3750 Words à |à 15 Pages à à à à à Drug testing has become a very big issue for many companies. Approximately eighty-one percent of companies in the United States administer drug testing to their employees. Of these, seventy-seven percent of companies test employees prior to employment. Even with the commonality of drug testing, it is still a practice that is generally limited to larger corporations which have the financial stability, as well as the human resources to effectively carry out a drug testing program. In the UnitedRead MoreDrug Testing in the Workplace Essay2964 Words à |à 12 PagesDrug Testing in the Workplace Throughout recent years, applicant drug testing has become one of the most prevalently used strategies by many organizations to control substance abuse in the workplace. Drug testing is a selection tool used by organizations to determine whether or not an individual has previously used drugs and/or alcohol. Most employers find that drug testing, if done correctly, is a worthwhile investment associated with increased workplace safety, lower absenteeism, fewer on-the-jobRead MoreDrug Testing and Ethics Essay2045 Words à |à 9 Pages27th 2010 Is drug testing an unwarranted invasion of employee privacy? Which is more important--getting drugs out of the workplace or protecting the privacy of the employee? What about other health-threatening activities, i.e. smoking outside of working hours, unprotected sex, etc. Should employers be able to question or test employees or potential employees about these activities? Both of these scenarios are tricky ones. On the one hand, any employer would want to get drugs out of the workplace Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-4359888906031778062019-12-11T12:13:00.001-08:002019-12-11T12:13:06.618-08:00Really Drives Employees Engagement â⬠Free Samples to Students Question: Discuss about the Really Drives Employees Engagement. Answer: Introduction: There are different categories of risks in the case study. These risks are distributed as financial, business, technology, and business continuity together with regulatory. In this section, we focus on analyzing the risks as well as determine their likelihood of occurring (Ryan Deci, 2017). In case they occur, we analyze their impacts along with risk rating. First, business risk and their consequences include negative comments in social media thereby resulting ina significant loss of reputation and loss of fees for the clients. Again, the risk of failure to diversify clients base results in massive loss of revenue. Third, the risk of loss of key staff members in the organization may result to loss of business continuity, loss of clients as well as loss of business intelligence to conduct business operations (Richard, 2013). Fourth, the risk of failure to deliver quality services and products may result to increase the number of claims from the clients, full scrutiny of products and services by regulation (McGregor, 2012). It may as well damage the image and reputation of the organization. The likelihood of business risks occurring is likely and the consequences are major to the organization. In addition to business risks, there is business continuity risk. This risk occurs when an organization loses the ownership. In that case, the consequence of this risk is a failure of diminution in the value of the organization because the owner of the organization die or become incapacitated (Maslow, 2013). The likelihood of this risk is possible and the consequence is catastrophic. Again, regulatory risk occurs due to failure to meet regulatory meeting thereby resulting to breach of a contract associated with huge fines and costs (Marylene, 2014). The likelihood of this risk occurring is unlikely but the consequences are major if the risk occur. Lastly, financial risk as a result of failure to collect receivable in appropriate time may results to loss of revenue, increased debt and unstable cash flow. The risk is likely to occur and the consequences are major. There is need to involve all stakeholders on how to implement risk actions and risk management plans. The following minutes demonstrates what was deliberated in the meeting with stakeholders. A minute of the meeting held on 4thMarch 2018 at Social Hall at 2:00 P.M. Finance manager Human resource manager Legal compliance manager Business controller IT manager The agendas were to discuss the implementation of risk action and risk management plans. Item 1: Implement the action to avoid negative comments in social media In this plan, all the stakeholders decided to initiate a program that will review how to improve the image and reputation of the organization (Thomas, 2009). The business controller would manage that process and it was to be implemented within 2 months. Item 2: Implement action to avoid poor quality products and services This action would bring a significant improvement to the organization. The human resource manager was required to recruit qualified workers within 1 month. Item 3: to reduces case of failure to collect receivables All stakeholders were requested to share this information to avoid loss of revenue, uncollected debts and other financial crisis (Kanungo Manuel, 2014). The finance manager was to conduct a financial audit within 1 month. Later in the meeting was adjourned at 5: 00 P.M. These plans will be implemented using several approaches. First, all stakeholders must come up with a proposalin the implementation process. This will ensure the plans are viable. Second, the weekly review of the implantation process must be initiated to determine ups and downs in the process (Arnold, 2010). The last method will be filing reports monthly and should be submitted to risk management department for scrutiny and approval. The progress of Actions Plan The progress of the impel nation process for action plans will be done weekly and monthly. All stakeholders involved in a particular plan must compile a report on progress and the way forward. References Arnold, J. (2010). Coaching Skills for Leaders in the Workplace: How to Develop, Motivate andGet the Best from Your Staff. How to Books. Kanungo, R.N., Manuel, M. (2014). Work Motivation: Models for Developing Countries. Sage Publication put. Marylene, G. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation and Self-Determination Theory. OUP USA. Maslow, A.H. (2013). A Theory of Human Motivation. Start Publishing LLC. McGregor, D. (2012). The Human Side of Enterprise. New York, 21. Richard, A. (2013). Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing. Ryan, R.M., Deci, EL. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic PsychologicalNeed in Motivation, development,and Wellness. The Guilford Press. Thomas, K.W. (2009). Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-60546396247474099072019-12-03T23:55:00.001-08:002019-12-03T23:55:04.755-08:00Memoirs Of A Mountain High Essays - 9, , Term Papers Memoirs of a Mountain High It was the summer of 94 when I took a Wilderness Leadership Semester from the Colorado Outward Bound School . Needless to say that it was the most emotional, challenging, and rewarding experience that I have had in all of my 19 ears of existence. One week spent running the Upper Green River in western\Colorado and northern Utah. Through The Gates of the Ladour Canyon and Dinosaur National Monument, we floated to end where the Green meets the Colorado River just beyond Echo Canyon. The high desert canyons echoed with rapids ovarious classes; Hells Half Mile and Disaster Falls were the most memorable. Upon completion we headed to climbing camp in Wyoming at a place called Vedauwoo (va-da- vu).Two weeks of vigorous climbing these granite towers left many scars both physically and emotionally for this rock was indeed as sharp as knives. Somehow no matter hard climbed; even if successful, this rock always seemed to have the last say. By this time a month had passed and I was very grateful to have that one shower on the way to the Gore Range in Colorado. This section of the course was by far the most demanding, the mountaineering section. Stepping off the bus in Frisco, Colorado we looked back knowing that we were not to see civilization for at least a month. There were 8 men and women in my group from all over the country. Each one had a unique personality not knowing that we would all become closer to each other than family, possibly being dependent during life threatening situations which we experienced on many occasions. This in itself could be another long story. By the end of this section we were required to do what they call a solo. In addition to rest up for the 15 mile marathon and finals, (a week of travel) this was also used for reflecting on our experiences. The solo was for three days. During these three days we were all to be separated about a quarter to half mile apart, alone. All of our flashlights, candles, and watches were taken away along with any books which were left at base camp. All we were allowed to take was our clothes, a tarp(not a tent) which wasn't but 5ft by 2ft, a water bottle, a pencil, paper, and our iodine to purify the water.I also want to note that we had the choice to fast or take a survival pack which consisted of a few crackers and raisins. I wanted the full experience so I chose to fast. This was a trip in itself, no food for three days. My spot on this solo was at around 12000 ft, the highest of my group. the only water I had was from an alpine stream which dried up on me the first day, after searching for a while I did find another stream. The first day it rained all day, the next was clear, I didn't do much...just thought allot. I have never been this long without seeing or talking to another person,not even pictures...everything I had was in my mind.No toys...no material possessions.....no problems....just me....at this time I felt the true essence of the wilderness and everything that is so sacred to me, It is much too difficult to explain, I didn't feel human in some respect, truly a wild creature....possibly like a wolf.....this is where I thought of Of the Wolf, every goal I stated on this solo has come true so far. There is much, much more to the story but due to time I will condense it. On the second day it was rather warm so I decided to wash my clothes in the stream, yes I spent the whole day naked, clothes...as natural as one can get....of course I didn't think much of it because I was far from any other living creature. Not much lives that high. While my clothes were drying I sat naked on a rock.... the view was incredible.... absolutely stunning......and I wrote.....A crack in the glass and I'm thinking....Alone in the field and I'm sinking, Soaking in breeze on a rock and I'm hypnotized, the world inside me Cranking the weight off of my mind...testing the strength of a fine line Relative thoughts... no control... become justified, the world defied me Tasting the sweat off of my lips...feeding my soul with the suns kiss laughing out loud I'm remembering everything... foolishly sighing Now I'm lost inside these words that speak so loudly in my head Honestly I'll take the vow to cut these chains Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-82955935419067798922019-11-27T20:37:00.001-08:002019-11-27T20:37:04.719-08:00How to Stand Out From the Applicant Pool How do you stand out in an increasingly competitive college applicant pool? I remember attending a small middle school in New York City where there were 30 students in a grade. Everyone knew each other by name and each person stood out in his/her own way. I was always energetic and jumped on every opportunity that passed by me. On the first day of high school, I realized that everything would be different. With 750 students in each grade, it was hard to find a way to make yourself stand out. Colleges and universities are always searching for a diversity pool of students to fill their campuses. They search for students who excel at various academic fields, compete in sports or have a special skill that no one else does. With some schools receiving thousands of applications for limited spots, it becomes hard for colleges to differentiate applicants. It comes down to you to show colleges that you can contribute to their community. Academic performance qualifies you as a student, but by no means does it guarantee that you are accepted. At elite colleges and universities, for every person that is accepted, there are at least three or four more applicants who were not accepted and had similar academic records. With an increasing number of applicants and a more diverse applicant pool, it becomes more important for you to show colleges that you are unique. Personally, I found that the best way to show colleges who I am is through my extracurriculars and personal essays. These two parts of the application can be crafted by the applicant and should be strategically used to present a profile of yourself. For extracurriculars, rather than spreading yourself thin between a myriad of different clubs, you should focus on a handful of activities that you are passionate about. For me, I joined a large community service organization where I eventually became a regional executive officer and consulted the organization on an international level. By focusing in on one extracurricular activity, I showed colleges that I had a passion for a subject, was willing to commit myself to it, and advanced in leadership roles within the organization. The personal essay should include information that helps colleges understand your background, passions and goals. I used vivid vocabulary to describe myself in my personal essay so that the college would have an understanding of who I am and what makes me different from other applicants. Typically centered around an experience, make sure you show how that moment helped define or highlight your identity, passions, and worldview. It is imperative that your uniqueness is reflected in the personal essay; if you handed this essay to a close friend, they should be able to hear your voice within the writing rather than a generic story. Remember that there are many students who apply to colleges and have the same grades and talent as you. You have to show colleges your idiosyncrasy. Even if you do have perfect grades, each college follows different criteria for accepting students so donââ¬â¢t expect to get into every college. Youââ¬â¢re more than just a letter grade, and a college will take your personal experience within your essays into thoughtful consideration. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-48004245838323701262019-11-24T04:12:00.001-08:002019-11-24T04:12:04.217-08:00Free Essays on Latin American AtristsAlexis Leyva Machado, also known as ââ¬Å"Kchoâ⬠, was born in 1970 on the Isla de la Juventud, a small island off the southern coast of Cuba. Today he is known as the islandââ¬â¢s most internationally established artist since Wiferdo Lam. His sculptures are known for not only his hidden political meaning but also his use of materials out of the norm. He uses left over materials that have to do with the water to make his sculptures. He uses such things as old rowboats, fishing nets, oars, rafts, and other similar objects in his art. Kcho comments on the themes of his work stating ââ¬Å"Where I grew up, all the limits were liquid.â⬠He has been featured in more than 50 group shows and over 15 solo exhibitions around the world. He has one many awards such as the Saiz brothers prize in 1990, a scholarship from the Ludwig foundation, and the Unesco prize in 1995 awarded from Geneva, Switzerland. Although Kcho is from Cuba and is under a repressive regime his work has transcended a dictatorship country and is known in the U.S. and abroad. He was able to travel outside his home country in 1992 for the first time to participate in shows in Spain, Mexico, Holland and Belgium. Sly political references are blended into his work such as in one of his pieces from the Madrid show. This work was a series of drawings of docks, each dock in the shape of a letter that spelled out Elian, the name of the Cuban boy that survived a boat wreck and was therefore in the spotlight of mass media attention for months. Kcho currently resides in Havana and continues to put out impressive art works that are laden with his feelings and political statements that bring up to $4,000 for a drawing and up to $75,000 for just a small sculpture. His work can be viewed at www.ciac.ca/expos/kcho.html. Carmen Borrase Povedano de Mills is a painter born in Costa Rica. The artist uses fabrics and other elements such as strings, roses, and religious medals in her p... Free Essays on Latin American Atrists Free Essays on Latin American Atrists Alexis Leyva Machado, also known as ââ¬Å"Kchoâ⬠, was born in 1970 on the Isla de la Juventud, a small island off the southern coast of Cuba. Today he is known as the islandââ¬â¢s most internationally established artist since Wiferdo Lam. His sculptures are known for not only his hidden political meaning but also his use of materials out of the norm. He uses left over materials that have to do with the water to make his sculptures. He uses such things as old rowboats, fishing nets, oars, rafts, and other similar objects in his art. Kcho comments on the themes of his work stating ââ¬Å"Where I grew up, all the limits were liquid.â⬠He has been featured in more than 50 group shows and over 15 solo exhibitions around the world. He has one many awards such as the Saiz brothers prize in 1990, a scholarship from the Ludwig foundation, and the Unesco prize in 1995 awarded from Geneva, Switzerland. Although Kcho is from Cuba and is under a repressive regime his work has transcended a dictatorship country and is known in the U.S. and abroad. He was able to travel outside his home country in 1992 for the first time to participate in shows in Spain, Mexico, Holland and Belgium. Sly political references are blended into his work such as in one of his pieces from the Madrid show. This work was a series of drawings of docks, each dock in the shape of a letter that spelled out Elian, the name of the Cuban boy that survived a boat wreck and was therefore in the spotlight of mass media attention for months. Kcho currently resides in Havana and continues to put out impressive art works that are laden with his feelings and political statements that bring up to $4,000 for a drawing and up to $75,000 for just a small sculpture. His work can be viewed at www.ciac.ca/expos/kcho.html. Carmen Borrase Povedano de Mills is a painter born in Costa Rica. The artist uses fabrics and other elements such as strings, roses, and religious medals in her p... Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-83818186819473745582019-11-21T06:33:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:33:15.499-08:00Leading theories of free will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsLeading theories of free will - Essay Example Free will has been described as; having the ability to make decisions or choices, devoid any kind of limitations. As such, anybody who desires to make a decision out of free will, should not be influenced by any external forces or interferences whilst making such a decision (Kim et al, 2009). However, in reality, this is not often the case. Most decisions people make out of free will are, often based on some kind of influence, either from personal preferences or external interference. It is for this reason that hard determinism best describes the concept of free will. Hard determinism, as described earlier, claims that free will is inexistence. This is true because while it affirms to the philosophy of determinism, it does not agree that it is compatible with free will. It is next to impossible for one to make a free will without determinism and at the same time carry the belief that determinism affects free will, as claimed by compatibilists. A case in point is a situation where one needs to be morally accountable. It is agreed that most institutions or nations have certain morally guiding principles. In such a situation, one is expected to choose from two options; the moral option or the immoral stand. In the case of libertarianism, one should not be held morally accountable if he or she chooses the ââ¬Ëimmoralââ¬â¢ option since it supports free will, devoid of external or internal influences. It is for this reason that hard determinism comes into place and justifies the need to act ââ¬Ëmorallyââ¬â¢ since that choice is influenced by a deterministic factor. The application of hard determinism can be justified through creation of ethical standards to correct wrong doers in a society. If everyone had the free will to do anything that they deem logical, then criminal behavior and other vices in society could be justified. It is for this very same reason that there exist standards to regulate human behavior to ac t according certain prescribed code of conduct (Kim, et al, 2009 p 47). This means that no one has the free will, like in the case of libertarianism or Compatibilism, to Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-13658437046407378172019-11-20T07:00:00.001-08:002019-11-20T07:00:03.383-08:00One Hundred Years of Solitude Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsOne Hundred Years of Solitude - Research Paper Example eceived its inspiration from European and North American Modernism and on the other hand it also drew influence from the Cuban Vanguardia or more popularly known as Vanguard Literary Movement. The novel founded its plot on the story from the historical context or this can be also taken as a sort of chronicle turned into drama. The novel is based on the life of the multi-generational Buendia Family. The patriarch of the family, Jose Arcadio Buendia was the founder of the town named Macondo. This town is actually metaphoric of the township on which the plot of the novel throbs, the metaphorical Columbia. The story is basically non-linear in pattern and the narrative structure of the novel is unique as it is narrated through different time periods. This technique was adapted by Garcia from the Argentine author named Jorge Luis Borges. He used this technique in his creations like ââ¬ËThe Garden of Forking Pathsââ¬â¢ of 1941. It is important to note that in style and theme, the novel ââ¬ËOne Hundred Years of Solitudeââ¬â¢ is representative of the literary creation of the Latin American Boom period of 1960s and 1970s (Wood, ââ¬Å"Garcia Marquez 100 Years of Solitud eâ⬠). The novel ââ¬ËOne Hundred Years of Solitudeââ¬â¢ written in the year of 1967, presents the story of seven generations of Buendia Family and their lives at the town founded by them called Macondo. The founding member of Macondo, Jose Arcadio Buendia and his wife Ursula who was also his first cousin, are shown leaving Riohacha at Colombia and headed towards a new destination in search of a better life. The search for a better life and a new home launches them to build a city of utopia and hence they find themselves on a riverbank from where their dream for a world is decked up with visionary mission starts. While camping on the riverbank itself, Jose dreams of a city of mirrors that shall bear the reflection of the world in and about it. After awakening form that dream, Jose decided to shape his dreams and starts Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-30794812891489561822019-11-17T20:19:00.001-08:002019-11-17T20:19:03.325-08:00Greek Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsGreek Mythology - Essay Example Everything the people do is monitored by the gods and any deviation or disobedience is punished. Human beings are also able to judge among themselves and punish whom they deem wrong. In the play, however, the most common form of punishment was death. Many cases arose from previous actions where an aggrieved individual took matters into their own hands and acted as they pleased. Agamemnon attacked Troy so as to avenge the kidnap of Helen. He was also killed because of his fatherââ¬â¢s role in the death of Thyestesââ¬â¢ children. In this essay, I will demonstrate the different cases of justice in the play and how they were carried out. I will also show how humans overcame the gods in the end when they decide to punish Agamemnon themselves. When the play starts, the chorus reminds us that Artemis had demanded the sacrifice of Iphigenia- it was her that was taken away their wind for the ships, and the priests Calchas stated to them what their goddess needed. As much as the decision was hard for Agamemnon to take, it was needed to appease the gods for the sake of his army. As the general, he did not want to disappoint neither his crew nor the gods. The decision, to sacrifice his child is very unpopular with the people as indicated in the chorus, clearly indicates that the gods were the final authority in terms of justice. When Troy is conquered by Agamemnon and his army, Clytemnestra as the ruler in charge, is quick to thank the god Hepthaus. However, she also prays that the passion of the Greek should overwhelm them and disrespect the gods. Moreover, she asks that their men not to plunder the gods alter or assault any of the women of Trojan. The fear Clytemnestra exhibits clearly show the gods are ready to punish anyone who disobeys them. After returning from the war, the king of Argos owes his success to both the soldiers the gods. In the end, the gods turned against Troy and the city was destroyed for the sake of Helen. The Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3334763691014430727.post-44681299492322065642019-11-15T08:50:00.001-08:002019-11-15T08:50:04.680-08:00Brood Parasitism of the Common CuckooBrood Parasitism of the Common Cuckoo Brood parasitism by the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus has excited wonder, interest and speculation like few other bird behaviors. Its a species which had been studied and observed well before Darwins time, generating a wealth of information that has provided a deeper understanding of interactions among species. However, recent studies are bringing up more details of the coevolutionary relationship between the cuckoo and its hosts. The aim of this paper is threefold: to provide a concise review of the evolution of brood parasitism in the common cuckoo, to outline the different strategies that host species have evolved to deter parasitism, and to identify some of the counteradaptations the cuckoo has developed against those strategies. Introduction The extraordinary plasticity in breeding behavior of the family Cuculidae has no parallel among the worlds bird families. Of the 136 species of cuckoos, 83 provide parental care while 53 species parasitize nests, where eggs are incubated and parasites young are raised by a host species [1]. Of those 53 parasitic species, the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus (hereafter, cuckoo) is the most widespread in Europe, inhabiting a diverse array of habitats and having at least 15 different host-specific races [2]. Throughout history the cuckoo has attracted a wealth of attention and generated much fascination. In the fourth century BC, Aristotle accurately described the parasitic habits of the cuckoo, noting that the nestling cuckoo ejects the hosts eggs or young, casting out of the nest those with whom it has so far lived [3]. Despite these very early accounts of the cuckoos breeding behavior, it was not until the 1700s that cuckoos biology regained attention by scientists. However, the cuckoo literature generated prior to the mid-twentieth century was a mix of speculative observations and misconceptions. For instance, well into the 1750s it was thought that the female cuckoo upon laying the egg will carry it with her beak to the hosts nest [3]. Such an idea was mistakenly reinforced by observing cuckoo females carrying an egg, which later was proven to be the hosts eggs, but assuming it was the cuckoos egg [3]. This idea was later rejected by British physician Edward Jenner whose accurate observations led to the current description of the cuckoos parasitism [3]. Generally, cuckoos lay a single egg in a host nest. Upon hatching, the young cuckoo pushes out the host nestlings, and any unhatched eggs. The cuckoo nestling then demands undivided care from its hosts with an extraordinary begging display, which consists of bright orange gape and rapid calls to simulate several nestlings [4]. Evolution of cuckoo parasitism It was Charles Darwin who first intended attended to explain the evolution of brood parasitism in European cuckoos. In The Origin of Species Darwin described an example of brood parasitism by an American cuckoo species. The cuckoo was reared by a Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata until it fledged the nest. This observation led Darwin to suggest that brood parasitism has evolved through a repetitive process in nature in which the young cuckoo inherits its mothers parasitic habits due to advantages gain in survival [3]. Darwin proposed that cuckoo parasitism evolved from parental cuckoos and phylogeny studies have supported his view. However, there is no consensus on how brood parasitism evolved. Taxonomists suggest that brood parasitism evolved as a separate event in two subfamilies of brood parasites, independently, the Old World Cuculinae and the New World Neomorphinae [1]. On the other hand, a phylogeny study based on bone characteristics suggests that brood parasitism evolved as a sing le event in the family, placing Cuculinae and Neomorphinae together, while the genus Coccyzus found in the New World, re-evolved parental care from a parasitic ancestor [1]. Yet another study on molecular phylogeny proposes three independent origins of brood parasitism, in genus Clamator, and other cuckoos of the Old World and cuckoos in the American continent [5]. Avian brood parasitism between distinct species is currently thought to have evolved from an ancestral line with parental care breeding or as an indirect consequence of brood parasitism between conspecifics [3]. However, while the argument still exists over which of the the two pathways leads to the parasitism of other species nests, there is greater support for the evolution of parasitism from a normal breeding behavior [1,3]. It is considered that the ancestral form of modern day cuckoos probably was a parental care, non-migratory inhabitant of tropical forest, and that changes in habitat, migration patterns, range size and foraging provoked the evolution of brood parasitism as a way to reduce order the cost of reproduction [1.3]. When comparing energy expenditure on reproduction, it was estimated that a parasitic cuckoo spends half the amount of energy of a parental cuckoo in achieving comparable reproductive success[1]. In fact, within the Cuculidae family there are important dis similarities between species with parental care and brood parasites. Cuckoos have a lower body mass, lay smaller eggs, and feed on prey of lesser size. [1]. In the comparative analysis done by Krà ¼ger and Davies (2002), it was concluded that the evolution of cuckoo parasitism was the result of changes in the ecology of a parental ancestor and that once a parasitic behavior was adapted further specializations occurred. a. From raising your own offspring to be a brood parasite Before brood parasitism evolved, there were key changes in the ecology and behavior of forest cuckoos. Initially, forest cuckoos expanded their range to include more open and seasonal habitats. This habitat expansion provoked a more migratory behavior, an increase in breeding-range size and the availability of new food sources [1]. These changes in ecology required a reduction in energy invested in reproduction. When comparing energy expenditure on reproduction, it was estimated that a parasitic cuckoo spends half the amount of energy of a parental cuckoo in achieving comparable reproductive success[1]. Therefore, selection for brood parasitism became the emerging consequence of the ecological changes mentioned above. b. Brood parasitism caused the evolution of specialized parasitic adaptations Upon the adaptation of obligated brood parasitism, cuckoo eggs became smaller. Kruger and Davies (2002) suggest two hypotheses for the reduction in egg size. First, parasitic cuckoos were able to increase clutch size which may have been possible upon the reduction of overall egg size. Since most hosts are smaller than their parasitic cuckoos, an adaptation to a decrease in egg size would have been selected in order to avoid host rejection while improving incubation efficiency. A preference for smaller hosts increases the number of egg-laying opportunities since there is a greater abundance of smaller species than larger ones [1] . An adaptation to a parasitic behavior might have also freed the cuckoo of the diet restraint when selecting breeding habitat. By relying on the host parental care, cuckoos are able to exploit a diversity of breeding habitats for breeding even those habitat where adult cuckoos cannot forage. Kruger and Davies (2002) note that some common cuckoos are required to travel large distances when breeding in marshlands while foraging in woodland areas. This independence from breeding habitat restraints have enabled the common cuckoo to increase its range through Europe. Factors that affect brood parasitism by the Common Cuckoo The size of the host and its abundance is an important predictor of host parasitism [3]. There is a greater diversity and abundance of small bird species; which provides the cuckoo a larger pool of possible hosts. The density of the cuckoo at a given area also plays a crucial role. It was found that rejection rate increase as the rate of parasitism goes up in a given area [6]. A greater density of female cuckoos at the breeding area of the selected hosts increases the chances that the hosts see a cuckoo female and proceed with egg rejection or nest desertion [6]. This might be one of the multiple explanations for the fact that cuckoos are more widespread and their breeding-range is significantly larger than parental species of the same family. Additionally the choice of nesting site affects brood parasitism. Nests located nearby trees have a significant increase on the risk of being parasitized [7]. Female cuckoos perch on trees to gather information on the hosts nest building activi ty and therefore the availability of visual points are crucial for the cuckoo to determine hosts nest location [7]. Therefore, it is expected of the cuckoos hosts to show a high degree of plasticity in choice of nest site in order to decrease the distance to visual vantage point and to increase nest concealment [7]. Interestingly, female cuckoos seem to gather cues from the host behavior not only to determine nest location but also to reveal the hosts parental capacities. Males that sing more actively during breeding season tend to attract females that built larger nests. It was found that in great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceous nestlings raise in larger nests receive more feeding than those in a small nest [8]. It will be expected to see a larger rate of parasitism in hosts that are more vocal and active during nest construction. However, it was found that hosts with a high degree of signal expression nearby the nest are also more eager to defend the nest against intruder s and to reject cuckoo eggs. Therefore, cuckoos may favor a host with a smaller nest and whose activity is less visually conspicuous [8]. Polacikova et al. (2009) also found that great reed warblers affected by cuckoo parasitism have higher body condition than individuals freed of parasitism. Additionally, females hosts had higher body mass and presented less uniformity in egg coloration [9] Host defensive strategies against cuckoos parasitism Brood parasitism by the cuckoo brings multiple costs to the host [2]. The primary cost is the loss of an egg once the female cuckoo lays hers. Additionally, rejection requires the expense of energy and time (for recognition) and it includes the risk of discriminating the hosts own eggs. By accepting the cuckoos egg the reproductive success of the host is then jeopardize since upon hatching the young cuckoo pushes out the hosts nestlings [4]. Furthermore, the host parents must raise a much larger chick which demands more food than the hosts own nestlings. This costly is highly increased in the extraordinary case when the host and cuckoo nestlings grow up together like in the parasitism of the Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus [2]. Due to the multiple costs associated with brood parasitism, many host species have evolved adaptations to cope with parasitism; such as egg rejection and nest desertion [10]. However, these adaptations only partially offset the costs of parasitism since they take place once the nest has been already parasitized. Therefore, some host species have also evolved adaptations to eliminate laying opportunities for the cuckoo. Nesting in safe places, constructing well hidden nests, or an active protection of the nest from intrusions are example of adaptations that host species have evolved to avoid being parasitized [10,11]. Mobbing behavior The reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus is one of the species most readily selected by cuckoos as host for their eggs and therefore has evolved adaptations that demonstrate a coevolutionary arms race with the common cuckoo [12,13]. Mobbing, the attacking or harassing of cuckoos by reed warblers has been determined to be an effective first line of defense against parasitism [12]. It has been well documented that reed warbler use audible and visual displays that in occasion lead to direct physical attacks to dissuade parasitism. Such defensive behavior reduces the probability of parasitism and it is a direct cost to cuckoos which might lose feathers or suffer injuries during physical attacks by reed warblers [12]. Additionally, mobbing attracts predators, and other brood parasites thus posing an indirect cost since the cuckoo or its eggs might be at risk of predation [12]. The costs inflicted on the cuckoo can also be associated to the costs suffer by the reed warbler that mob brood p arasites. First of all, there is a physical similarity between common cuckoos and sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus [10], a potential predator of reed warblers. Therefore, reed warblers may need to spend time to identify the type of threat, parasitism or predation, before engaging in a mobbing display [12]. In addition, the same indirect costs that mobbing brings to the cuckoo are also to the reed warbler which unknowingly might be attracting more parasites and predators to the nesting area [12]. Therefore, the costs inflicted on the host select for a defensive behavior that discriminates between the type of threat and the degree of parasitism [12]. Although some passerine birds will mob a possible predators, nesting adult reed warbler have not been observed doing it. Welbergen and Davies (2008) note that adult reed warblers seek cover and remain silent in the presence of a sparrowhawk near the nest [10]. Since sparrowhawks are a direct threat to the adults while cuckoos are to the nest, it makes sense that reed warblers mob the latter and not the former [12]. Reed warblers also show plasticity in their mobbing behavior in terms of risk of nest parasitism. In areas where there is a higher probability that the cuckoos are able to find hosts nest, mobbing is the best strategy, while in areas with a low probability the best defensive method may be to avoid active and visible displays and remain hidden but alert [12]. By presenting reed warblers with taxidermic mounts of cuckoos, Welbergen and Davies (2009) concluded that mobbing is an adapted, phenotypically trait with high plasticity in the defense against parasitism [12]. Alarms Calls and Nest Guarding It was previously noted that cuckoos and sparrowhawks share a resemblance that might pose a challenge for reed warblers in their nest defensive strategies. However, reed warblers have shown to vary their auditory displays accordingly to the kinds of danger and the subsequent response by conspecifics [10]. Welbergen and Davies (2008) showed that reed warblers are able to identify cuckoos from sparrowhawks with alarm calls that attract not only mates but nearby neighbors. The alarms signals by reed warblers in the presence of a cuckoo are characterized by rasps and snaps. Rasps have a sharp commencement and a wide frequency range, which are important features that enable the location of the emitter [10]. Alarms calls therefore are an important communal defensive mechanism against parasitism. Nest attendance and egg rejection by reed warblers might increase due to the information provided by the alarm calls emitted by neighbor conspecifics [10]. Additionally, alerting on the presence of cuckoos might trigger the mobbing of the parasite by multiple reed warblers which could eject the cuckoo. Nest guarding has also been identified as a defensive strategy against parasitism. However, it is more passive and less conspicuous than mobbing and alarm displaying [11]. An increase in nest guarding has been observed after laying has begun and is usually done by the male. This behavior might able the reed warblers to gain information about cuckoos presence and chance of parasitism. Spotting a cuckoo before laying has begun might trigger nest desertion whereas the sighting of a cuckoo once laying commences might increase the likelihood of rejection of the cuckoos egg [11]. Egg rejection Hosts species have evolved two mechanisms in order to eject cuckoo eggs. In the case of hosts with large beaks, the eggs are grasped and evicted out of the nest while species unable to grasp the egg, puncture and then eject the parasites egg [14]. The reproductive success is minimal if a host accepts a cuckoo egg due to the innate behavior of the cuckoo nestling of evicting hosts eggs and nestlings. Therefore, species parasitized by cuckoos should strongly select for an ejection adaptation to parasitism if the host is physically able of ejecting cuckoo eggs [14]. For those species whose beak is too small to grasp the beak and that puncturing the egg would be too costly or impossible, nest desertion is the strategy selected once parasitism has been identified [14,15]. The cost to the hosts when trying to puncture cuckoo eggs has been demonstrated in marsh warblers Acrocephalus palustris which after unsuccessfully attempting to puncture the eggs have damaged their own eggs [15]. Cuckoos Responses to Overcome Hosts Adaptations Cuckoo parasitism has led to the selection of defense mechanisms by the hosts. At the same time, in this coevolutionary arms race, more sophisticated trickeries are selected by the cucook [1,16]. Egg mimicry and vocal mimicry by the nestlings are of the most significant traits evolved in the cuckoo to cope with hosts defensive responses. Egg Mimicry The recognition and ejection of cuckoo eggs have selected for an increase in mimicry of the host egg by the cuckoo whose eggs display a high variability in color and/or spotting due to the diverse number of hosts it parasitizes [16]. In a reed warbler study of parasitism by the common cuckoo, Avilà ©s et al. (2006) found the surprising speed in which egg similarity between the two species evolved in recently parasympatric poputions of reed warblers and cuckoos. Using museum egg collections, it was found that in 23 years, the degree of egg matching increase considerably [16]. Avilà ©s et al. note this rapid improvement egg matching a micro-evolutionary response to host removal of eggs differing in color or size and that egg mimicry has coevolved with this rejection behaviour [16]. The importance of egg mimicry was exemplified by Antonov et al. (2008) on a study of cuckoo egg rejection by marsh warblers. On the study, unmanipulated cuckoo eggs were accepted more readily than painted cuckoo and great reed warbler eggs placed in marsh warbler nests [15]. The aim of the Antnovo et al. was to determine the importance of egg shell strength in deterring egg rejection. However, since painted cuckoo eggs suffered a higher rejection rate, it was indicated that egg mimicry is pivotal in determining the probability of rejection [15]. Vocal or Visual Mimicry by Parasite Nestlings Brood parasites can be differentiated into two categories: Nonevictors which are parasites that grow up alongside the hosts young and evictors in which the young parasite either kills the hosts nestlings or expels them out of the nest along with any unhatched eggs [17]. Nonevictor species include the brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater, finches of the Vidua genus and great spotted cuckoo, Clamator glandarius. While the common cuckoo is a evictor brood parasite. Nonevictors showed certain mimicry of the host chicks as a counteradaptation against the host adult learning of the characteristics of the chicks during first brood. These imprinting of its own chicks characteristics will later permit the rejection of chicks that are different [17]. For example, Vidua finch young show great resemblance of the mouth spot patterns of their hosts chicks [17]. On the other hand, this adaptation has not been selected in hosts of evictor parasites. Since the cuckoo nestling is raised alone, imprint ing the characteristics of the parasite chick will be detrimental to future broods [17]. Butchart et al. (2003) found that the begging calls produced by four different common cuckoo races did not differ which lead to the conclusion that in evictor species there is not selection for evolution of visual or vocal mimicry by the parasite chick [17]. However, it should be advantageous for the cuckoo nestling to respond to the host alarm calls given in the presence of a predator [18]. Davies et al. (2006) concluded that cuckoos that specialize on reed warblers have not only well-matched eggs but also chicks that are well-tuned to the hosts alarm calls [18]. Summary Coevolution relationship among species are significant in order to understand how species select for adaptations accordingly to the other species. In the case of brood parasitism by the common cuckoo, that relationship is truly an arms race. For instance, egg rejection lead to egg mimicry which in turn might lead to clutch variability in the host. However, before egg rejection is selected, hosts have evolved a first line of defense that includes direct confrontation against the parasite. The costs of parasitism are evident for the host species but also the parasite carries its own costs. As a relation observed well before Darwin and his theory of evolution, the cuckoo-host interaction was provided with a solid framework to be better study and understood once Darwins work became public. However, necessity for further research remains. There is limited work on the biology and ecology of cuckoo nestlings. Also there is still no detailed explanations on the failure of hosts to recognized cuckoos young as a different species [3]. Furthermore, as anthropogenic actions change natural ecosystems at a rapid scale, further research is needed in the relationship between cuckoos and hosts and the factors affected by habitat alterations. [7]. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0