Motherly Figures in The Secret Life of Bees :: essays research papers

Lily has a lot of yield figures in her life. In ?The deep Life of Bees? two mother figures that she has are Rosaleen and August. A mother portion outs for her young and guides them trough life. She comforts and soothes them when they need it. Lily?s Mothers are Rosaleen and August. Both act as mothers for Lily in different ways.Rosaleen is the disciplinary figure in Lily?s life. She is tough and sometimes mean but really she loves Lily. Lily knew that ?despite her sharp ways, her heart was to a big(p)er extent tender than a heyday skin and she loved her beyond reason?. Rosaleen also shows her love for Lily when she avoids telling Lily that her mother left her. She knew this would break Lily?s heart. a nonher(prenominal) motherly figure in Lily?s life is August. She encourages Lily to open her heart and reveal the truth to them. August is very patient and would make a great mother. Even though she knew that Lily was deceitfulness to her, she gave Lily a chance to settle down. I n doing this she was wise. If she had confronted Lily, Lily probably would have left the house. Unlike June even though Lily was white she withal treated her regularly. August was untold of a friend to Lily. They shared many interests. One of these interests was to mix cola with peanuts. Another interest that they shared was that they loved beekeeping. Rosaleen did not have as a good deal in common as Lily did. She was more of a caretaker to Lily than a friend. When they lived with T. Ray she would cook dinner and dress Lily up. Even though Lily does not have much in common with her she still loves her. August was correct when she said that Lily must be her own mother. Lily will not forever and a day have someone to care for her. If this happens she must learn to care for herself. Lily was also relying too much on the statue of Mary. When the statue of Mary was chained up Lily could not go to her for help.Motherly Figures in The Secret Life of Bees essays research papersLily has a lot of mother figures in her life. In ?The Secret Life of Bees? two mother figures that she has are Rosaleen and August. A mother cares for her young and guides them trough life. She comforts and soothes them when they need it. Lily?s Mothers are Rosaleen and August. Both act as mothers for Lily in different ways.Rosaleen is the disciplinary figure in Lily?s life. She is tough and sometimes mean but really she loves Lily. Lily knew that ?despite her sharp ways, her heart was more tender than a flower skin and she loved her beyond reason?. Rosaleen also shows her love for Lily when she avoids telling Lily that her mother left her. She knew this would break Lily?s heart. Another motherly figure in Lily?s life is August. She encourages Lily to open her heart and reveal the truth to them. August is very patient and would make a great mother. Even though she knew that Lily was lying to her, she gave Lily a chance to settle down. In doing this she was wise. If she had confronted Li ly, Lily probably would have left the house. Unlike June even though Lily was white she still treated her regularly. August was more of a friend to Lily. They shared many interests. One of these interests was to mix cola with peanuts. Another interest that they shared was that they loved beekeeping. Rosaleen did not have as much in common as Lily did. She was more of a caretaker to Lily than a friend. When they lived with T. Ray she would cook dinner and dress Lily up. Even though Lily does not have much in common with her she still loves her. August was correct when she said that Lily must be her own mother. Lily will not always have someone to care for her. If this happens she must learn to care for herself. Lily was also relying too much on the statue of Mary. When the statue of Mary was chained up Lily could not go to her for help.

The Evil of Lago Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

The Evil of IagoShakespeare has written many works with various villains, but out of solely of them, without a doubt the most sinister one is Iago. Most of the antagonists in Shakespeares plays have valid clear motives for the troubles the cause. Iago on the other had does not, for the most part he just has shame for the world especially Othello. He is the main character of the play in the sense that he is the cause of all conflict in Othello. All of the problems he causes are through lies, treachery, and manipulation. Some of his hate is fuelled by jealousy and revenge. The ironic part is that he wants to be known as in force(p) Iago. Iago is the epitome of evil as he manipulates those who trust him without just reason or remorse. Iago is an evil character as while he has no reliable reason for his evil plans, he rationalizes the reasons for his actions and still sets out to ruin the lives of those around him.He hates Michael Cassio, for receiving the lieutenancy or else on hi mself. Ranting to Roderigo, he says, Cassio is mere prattle without radiation diagram/Is all his soldiershipAnd I, of whom his eyes had seen proofmust be beleed and calmed. (I.i.27-32). Iago believes that he has been unjustly overlooked for the position, as he is clearly more qualified than Cassio. He also believes Cassio has slept with his wife, he fears Cassio with his nightcap(II.i.329). Though he hates Cassio, much of his hate is directed towards Othello. It may be as Othello has given Cassio the promotion, but Iago does not give that reason, instead he says, I hate the Moor,/And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets/Has done my office. (I.iii.429-431) Iago believes that both Othello and Cassio have been with his wife. He has no evidence o... ...fuses to divulge information, he says, Demand me postal code what you know, you know/From this time forth I never will speak word. (V.ii.355-356) Iago shows no remorse for his actions, even refusing to come clean or ask for some(a) sort of forgiveness when he is caught. Iago is the epitome of evil as he manipulates those who trust him without just reason or remorse. He only driven by hatred, with has no legitimate reason for his evil plans. Iago is seen as an honest man, and he uses this as leverage to spread lies and manipulate without suspicion. And when all is said and done, he shows no remorse for what he has done. Iago is truly evil to the core, continually playing a game of deception, with everyone, the audience, even himself. He has depth and his actions are the main drive of the play. Iago, with his hatred and amorality, is an example of a perfect villain.

Death Of A Salesman- Overview :: essays research papers

Death of a SalesmanCrazy WillyWilly Loman is one of the most tragic heroes in American drama today. He has a bother discordentiating honesty from fantasy. No one has a perfect life. Everyone has conflicts that they must face sooner or later. The ways in which people deal with these personal conflicts can differ as much as the people themselves. Some insist on ignoring the problem as long as possible, while some attack the problem to get it out of the way. In the case of Willy in Arthur Miller&8217s, Death of a Salesman, the way he deals with his life as a general failure leads to very severe consequences. Willy never really faced his problems in fact in stead of confronting them he just escapes into the past, whether intentionally or not, to those happier childhood measure where problems were scarce. He uses this escape as if it were a narcotic, and as the play progresses, we learns that it can be as dangerous as a drug, because of its ability to addict Willy, and it&8217s dead liness. Willy is like an impetuous child who uses dilutions to escape his problems. The first time Willy is seen reminiscing is when he encounters Biff after arriving home from work. The conversation between Willy and Linda reflects Willy&8217s disappointment in Biff, and what he has become, which is for the most part a bum. , Willy &8220Biff is a lazy bum. After failing to deal adequately with his feelings, he hallucinates into a time when things were go against for his family. It is not uncommon for one to think of better times at low points in their life. This is used as a defense mechanism so that they are able to deal with the problems they encounter, but Willy Loman takes it one step further. His refusal to accept reality is so strong that in his mind he is transported back in time to relive some of the happier days of his life. He gets taken back to a time when no one argued, a time when Willy and Linda were younger, the financial government agency was less of a burden, and Biff and Happy enthusiastically welcomed their father back home from a long road trip. Willy&8217s need for this &8220drug is satiated and he is reassured that everything will turn out okay, unfortunately for the Loman family things are not that simple.

Myths, Legends, and King Arthur Essay -- European Literature Essays Pa

Myths, Legends, and King ArthurThroughout the dawns of time, people have recorded lives and made histories about the past, the people and all of their dramatics. One such story is Le morte dArthur, or in English, the Death of Arthur. Despite its French title, the actual text was written in English. It is a twenty-one book series written by Sir Thomas Malory in 1469-1470 describing in detail the problematic lives of the Arthurian legends. Sir Thomas Malory was believed to be born in 1408, but no one really knows for sure. (New stock(a) M-86) He was an English author, compiler, and translator who was most known by his works on the Arthurian legends, and also the first great author of the English prose and epics. (Encarta, Malory) He was also a knight from Warwickshire who ended up serving time in the military on French soil under Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick. He was knighted for his efforts onetime(prenominal) before 1442 and served in Parliament in 1445. After that he wash ed-out many years in imprisonment for political and municipal charges. He spent most of his last twenty years in prison. (CRC) It was during this time that he wrote his version of the Arthurian Legends, basing most of his work on French and English originals in prose and verse. His version of the story was originally called The Book of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table. It wasnt until after his death, when a man named William Caxton published his book in 1485 did it become known as Le morte dArthur. (New Standard M-86 & L-277) In order to explain the book, I must first explain the story of King Arthur. Ill take you to the beginning of the tale with Arthurs sustain Uther Pendragon. The story in itself actually begins with Merlin, whi... ...inter William Caxton arranged Malorys work into a single narrative in 1485. (Encarta Arthurian Legends)I chose this story in truth because I was running out of ideas, and happened across it when I was looking up landmarks in Londo n in my Encyclopedia. I had appoint a section for English literary productions on the way and stopped to take a look at it. The authors of the volume were nice enough to put examples of the stories in time periods. I found the time period I needed and found Sir Thomas Malorys tales of legendary soap operas. I also liked the idea because it was one of my favorite stories when I was growing up. How it represents the society that created this version of woes, happiness and Arthur, and our present society, is we all have evils that we must contend with and no matter what age you live in in that respect is always a soap opera life waiting around the corner.

COLD War and the Arms Race Essays -- Essays Papers

COLD War and the ordnance Race When President Truman authorized the use of dickens thermo atomic weapons in 1945 against the Japanese in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end World War II, the nature of international security was changed irreversibly. At that time, the United States had what was said to have a monopoly of nuclear bombs. Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union began working on atomic weaponry. In 1949, it had already detonated it first atomic bomb and tensions began to heat up between the two countries. With the information that the Soviets had tested their first bomb, the United States began work on more powerful weapons1, and a fight for nuclear superiority had begun. In the 1950s, the United States inform a policy of massive retaliation - a doctrine whereby the United States might respond with nuclear weapons to any Soviet challenge anywhere in the world, (Weapons and Arms Control) Despite Americas doctrine and huge lead in the arms race, it achieved little su ccess and did not threaten or suppress the Soviets from continuing to fashion nuclear weapons. After the Korean War, it was believed that the United States nuclear build-up had played a key role in achieving armistice. At this time, early in President Eisenhowers barrier in office, he had announced his policy of nuclear superiority. During this time period of nuclear build up, the Soviet Union began to find ways to overcome deficiencies in their strategic technologies2. Not soon after Eisenhower made his policy known, Russia became the first country to successfully test ICBMs, or Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles. These tactical nuclear weapons are land based rocket propelled vehicles capable of intercontinental range in excess of 4000 nautical miles.... ... (US), Inc., 1991. Weiler, Lawrence D. The Arms Race, Secret Negotiations and the Congress, Iowa The Stanley Foundation, 1976. Glynn, Patrick. Closing Pandoras Box Arms Races, Arms Control, and the History of the cold War. New York HarperCollinsPublishers, Inc. 1992. Russian Officials Say They Couldnt Keep Up with SDI. Funet Russian Archive. < http//www.funet.fi/pub/culture/russian/politics/sdi.russian.officials Cold War Hot Links. David Prices Home Page. <http//www.stmartin.edu/dprice/cold.war.html (4 May 1998). Salt II Treaty. ACDA Government Treaties. <http//www.acda.gov/treaties/salt2-1.htm McKean, Colonel Joel M. Salt Two Ratification Issues. Washington D.C. National Security Affairs, 1978. Bipartisan accept for START II. Council For a Livable World. <http//www.clark.net/pub/clw/clw/startqu.html

COLD War and the Arms Race Essays -- Essays Papers

COLD War and the Arms Race When chair Truman authorized the use of two nuclear weapons in 1945 against the Japanese in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end World War II, the nature of international security was changed irreversibly. At that time, the unite States had what was said to have a monopoly of atomic bombs. Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union began working on atomic weaponry. In 1949, it had already detonated it first atomic bomb and tensions began to heat up betwixt the two countries. With the information that the Soviets had tested their first bomb, the United States began work on more powerful weapons1, and a fight for nuclear superiority had begun. In the 1950s, the United States announced a policy of massive retaliation - a doctrine whereby the United States might respond with nuclear weapons to any Soviet challenge anywhere in the world, (Weapons and Arms Control) Despite Americas doctrine and huge lead in the arms race, it achieved little success and did no t threaten or suppress the Soviets from keep to create nuclear weapons. After the Korean War, it was believed that the United States nuclear build-up had played a key role in achieving armistice. At this time, early in President Eisenhowers term in office, he had announced his policy of nuclear superiority. During this time period of nuclear build up, the Soviet Union began to find ways to drown deficiencies in their strategic technologies2. Not soon after Eisenhower made his policy known, Russia became the first country to successfully test ICBMs, or Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles. These tactical nuclear weapons are land based rocket propelled vehicles capable of intercontinental range in excess of 4000 nautical miles.... ... (US), Inc., 1991. Weiler, Lawrence D. The Arms Race, Secret Negotiations and the Congress, Iowa The Stanley Foundation, 1976. Glynn, Patrick. Closing Pandoras quoin Arms Races, Arms Control, and the History of the Cold War. New York HarperCollinsPubl ishers, Inc. 1992. Russian Officials Say They Couldnt Keep Up with SDI. Funet Russian Archive. < http//www.funet.fi/pub/culture/russian/ administration/sdi.russian.officials Cold War Hot Links. David Prices Home Page. <http//www.stmartin.edu/dprice/cold.war.html (4 May 1998). Salt II Treaty. ACDA Government Treaties. <http//www.acda.gov/treaties/salt2-1.htm McKean, Colonel Joel M. Salt Two Ratification Issues. Washington D.C. National Security Affairs, 1978. two-part support for START II. Council For a Livable World. <http//www.clark.net/pub/clw/clw/startqu.html

How to Prepare the Perfect Beef Wellington

To prepare a perfect and truly unfor placetable Beef Wellington, there are a few circumscribed timbers that you turn over to follow in order for it to become truly and amazingly unforgettable. During the course of this paper, I apiece(prenominal)ow walk you through with(predicate) the steps to achieving nonwithstanding that.Together we will un superlative the myths that lie beneath the cookbook horror and torture that make so m any of us shy a look from trying this provide beca engagement of failure. Creating an exceptional dish will require you to work with an assortment of utensils and ingredients. You may not be familiar with all of them, but do not be alarmed.They are all easy to master in the revoke. Lets start with the grocery list and move you into the process disinclined and steady. I will list the required measurements be slope each item. They are not in any special order. ? One 4-6 pound Beef Tenderloin (a specific geld of beef) ? ? cup of diced onions ? 5 t bsp + 3 tsp of Extra Virgin Olive Oil ? 10 cloves of garlic 4 minced completely and 6 peeled gently smashed (you house do this as you peel them, it is easier to get the peel off the cloves if you lay the flat edge of your chef or butcher spit on the clove and smasher the turn overside of the blade with your fist.) ? 1 cup sliced mush manners your choice of type ? 6 tbsp un flavoured butter at room temperature ? 2 tbsp salted butter (melted) ? 1 pkg frozen fairy pastry dough you will need at least 1 ? of the 2 in the pkg. ? 4 tbsp Kosher or Sea Salt, mainly due to the texture ? 2 tsp plain salt ? 4 tbsp fresh cracked black or multicolored peppercorns ? 1 egg + 1 tbsp body of water mixed together to make an egg t iodin down ? Cooking spray (such as Pam) ? 2 3 tbsp all purpose flour for dusting your work surfaces ? 4 tbsp Red Wine any kind as long as you en blessedness the taste yourself.Do not ever cook with wine that you would not sup yourself. You clear substitute this with grooming wine if you like. Now I will list the utensils you will need for the preparation of this dish. You will need to gather the required items and have them in your reach when you begin to prepare the dish. Having all the ingredients and required utensils within easy access eases the process go more smoothly. So meditate a few proceeding to gather e rattlingthing you need for this adventure, set it up in a clean, spacious area of your kitchen so it will be nearly organized before you begin. Trust me, this will help so much.? A copy of this recipe in a zip-lock bag to keep it from getting dirty. You nooky tape it to the wall or prop it up somewhere easy to see at eye level. ? 1 large Chef or Butcher natural language that you are comfortable using ? 1 long, bladed Fillet Knife genuinely sharp ? 1 pair of tongs ? 1 large frying pan one big becoming to lay the cut inside to sear the sides ? 1 large roasting pan with a rack in the sink in to keep the roast off the pan surface ? 1 flat baking sheet with at least a ? inch lip lined with aluminum foil ? 1 Pastry scrub ? 1 Rolling Pin ? 1 large cutting board? 1 Gallon sizing of it Zip-lock bag ? Cooking knit ? Scissors ? Measuring Cups ? Measuring Spoons ? 1 medium mixing bowl ? (Optional) Small cookie cutters in leaves, circles or crescent-shaped-shaped shapes Arrange all of your ingredients and utensils around your work station. Doing this will ensure the most comfortable way that works for you when it comes time to start. Preparation of the various items that need to be chopped, minced, diced, etc. , will speed the process up when you begin to work on the actual dish. When you feel comfortable with your arranged supplies and ingredients, you toilette begin.Step 1 To get e very(prenominal)thing started and underway, please preheat your oven to 400 degrees. Place the skillet on the chain and heat it on a medium high temperature. When the skillet begins to warm you can add the 2 tbs p of Extra Virgin Olive Oil, 1 tbsp butter and a pinch of salt & cracked pepper. As the ingredients begin to melt down, range in your diced onions, 4 minced cloves of garlic, the entire cup of mushrooms and the 4 tbsp of red wine. Saute them on medium high until the onions are translucent, the wine has reduced in ledger and the mushrooms are tender, yet not falling apart.Remove from the skillet and allow to cool sequence we mix the other(a) ingredients together for the cream. Step 2 To prepare the filling for the undercut you will need to mix together the following ingredients 4 tbsp softened butter, your sauteed onions, mushrooms and garlic mixture after they are cool equal to handle. Mix very well until you influence a creamy spreadable butter mixture. Now we are ready to prepare the cut. Step 3 To prepare the tenderloin you will need the cutting board and the fillet knife.. If you have never filleted a peck of tenderloin before, it is not really that hard.I will walk yo u through the steps. First you need to lay out your tenderloin on the cutting board facing you lengthwise. Place the knife on the left side end of the tenderloin and make an incision into the tenderloin somewhat 1 1 ? inches thick. Slowly continue to cut along the length of the tenderloin until you reach the other end, trying your best to keep the depth of your cut as even as possible. When you reach the end, you start over again but going the opposer direction making sure to keep the same depth of your cut until you are able to lay the tenderloin out completely flat on your cutting board.You have scantily filleted a cut of beef. See, it was not that hard. Step 4 Take your butter mixture, place it in spoonfuls onto the flat tenderloin and hang-up it very generously all over the tenderloin, allowing just about ? inch at one end with no mixture that will be your expire close flap. After you have rubbed all the mixture into and all over your tenderloin, begin to frame the ten derloin support onto itself lengthwise, forming the round tenderloin as before you cut it, just now with lots of yummy stuffing inside.Wash your hands very well, grab your kitchen lace up and cut 5 7 equal pieces of twine about 16 18 inches long. You will take each piece, wrap it around the diameter of the roll out starting at one end and work your way to the other, tying up the tenderloin so it will hold together while you sear it for sealing. Do not worry about the spear carrier string, just cut off the excess after you finish tying up the entire piece of tenderloin. By this time the tenderloin should be at room temperature which is the perfect degree to get a sear on the tenderloin without it becoming tough and chewy.Always let your tenderloin rest at room temperature or close to that before placing it inside a hot pan so you do not have all the tiny tendons and muscles that are woven inside the tenderloin seize up and shrivel. That is what happens when you put a cold piece of beef into a hot skillet, grill or pan, and that is how it becomes very tough. Step 5 Now we are going to sear our tenderloin, but before we do this, we need to heat the remaining butter inside the skillet allowing it to become very hot, but do not burn the butter It will taste horrible and you will have to wash out the skillet and start all over again.Drizzle the 3 tsp of olive oil onto the tenderloins outside surface and rub it all over the tenderloin. Combine the remaining Kosher salt and the 3 tbsp of the cracked peppercorns to sprinkle all over the outer surface of the tenderloin after you coat it with the olive oil, do not forget about the ends of the tenderloin, they need love too. Step 6 With your skillet growing hot on medium high to just above medium high, take your tongs and lift the tenderloin up, placing it into the searing hot pan on the line of credit side first. Leave it on that side at least 3 4 minutes for the proper rancor to form on the outside of the tender loin.Now repeat this all over the entire tenderloin, making sure you do not forget the ends for this step as well. You will have to hold the tenderloin with your tongs as it stands on end to sear the end pieces but trust me it is solely value it. When you are done with searing the surface of the tenderloin, it should look crispy / crunchy and a deep golden brown, do not let it burn, watch it very closely during the searing process. It is a fine line at this point between searing to the perfect golden crunchy exterior and burning it into a piece of shoe leather.Remove the tenderloin and skillet from the stove top and place the tenderloin aside to rest about 10 15 minutes while you prepare for the next step in this process. Allowing the tenderloin to cool somewhat will help when it comes time to wrap it in the pastry. Step 7 We will now start on pastry preparation. The puff pastry usually comes in two folded sheets for each package. You will need both of them to be almost room temp erature and pliable but not totally thawed out. The bread would become to flimsy if completely thawed.It will rip and tear when you are try to stretch, move or roll it out. Pasty dough always works better when cool to cold, so when you are preparing any kind of dough, do not do it near the oven or any ejaculate of heat if you can help it. Dust the clean surface of your work area with flour, but reserve some for your rolling pin and hands. Unfold the sheets of pastry out onto the floured surface. Now take your rolling pin, dust it with flour and begin to roll out the creases in the dough so it will seal a proper and not crack or break when you are rolling it around the tenderloin.As your are rolling out the dough make sure you do not over work it too much and keep dusting with flour as needed to prevent the dough from becoming tough when baking. Now you can size up the width and length of the pastry either by your eye or you can measure it. Basically it needs to be long enough to wrap around the girth of the tenderloin with a 1 inch edge to overlap when you finish. That is the piece that is used to seal the seam along the ass of the tenderloin. You also need at least 1 ? to 2 inches left on the width of the pastry to seal the ends of the tenderloin.If it seems that you are going to need extra dough on the width or length, cut sections from the second sheet of dough, brush the adjoining ends with egg was and overlap them. Pinch the dough together to form a seal and roll out the seams until flat. Patch work is easy and sometimes necessary, but do not worry. You can use the seam to roll under the tenderloin and once you have it wrapped around the meat, you can smooth it out with your hand or cover it with decorations. The same goes for the ends, they are supposed to look like the crinkled, crimped ends of a sausage.Creases are supposed to be there. Just make sure you take your time, do not get frustrated and use the egg wash to help with the seal. Step 8 Now that you have sized up your pastry, make your egg wash. Beat 1 egg in a small bowl with 1 tbsp water until the mixture is slightly frothy or bubbly. Step 9 It is now time to remove the twine from the tenderloin. The tenderloin should be cool enough that you can handle it. Be gentle removing the twine so the tenderloin does not begin to unroll while you are removing the twine.You can either use tongs, the serving fork or your hands to hold it steady while removing the twine. Cut each piece twine with your knife and pull it from around the tenderloin. Place the tenderloin at the top of the pastry dough with both facing you lengthwise. Making sure you will be able to roll it towards you to see that the dough is not tearing. This also helps to make sure that the patches, if you had to make any, do not break apart as you roll them and you can catch it in case repair in needed. Step 10 Begin rolling the pastry and tenderloin towards you.Make sure the entire piece is covered with pastry as you roll. There should be a 1 ? 2 inch piece of dough hanging over at each end of the rolled tenderloin when complete. With a pastry brush, apply egg wash to the section of pastry at the end of the roll closest to you. Brush egg wash on the dough already around the pastry where the two sections are going to overlap also. This will help secure the seam you are going to create. By pinching the two sections of overlapping dough together that have the egg wash glue on them you will form a seal of dough.Smooth the seam out with your fingers after you are satisfied it is sealed. This side will be on the bottom of the baking pan so if it is appease a bit lumpy that is alright. If you need extra dough on the ends to help complete the seal of the tenderloin use some of the excess dough pieces you have left over. To seal the ends, fold down the edges starting at the top and working your way around, overlapping the dough and crimping the ends together like a roll of sausage. This is where you can use patchwork if you need a little extra dough just to seal it completely.Brush each end with egg wash to help hold the seal here also. Step 11 Now for an elegant touch, you can take small cookie cutters in the shape of leaves, crescent moons or circles and cut shapes of the remaining dough to place on top of the finished roll before placing it in the oven. Make sure you brush the top of the tenderloin again with egg wash if you added these. Step 12 Take your cooking spray and spray the baking sheet lined with foil very generously so the pastry will not stick to the foil.Make sure you have brushed the top and sides of the tenderloin pastry with the egg wash very well before placing the tenderloin, seam side down, on the foil lined baking sheet. Place the baking sheet on the middle rack in the center of the oven. Bake at 400 degrees for 13 -16 minutes. This step will help keep the puff pastry crunchy all over, while still cooking the tenderloin long enough to have the slow r oasted taste. When the top of the crust starts to become a light golden brown, remove the tenderloin from the oven and witness the bottom of it.Has the pastry formed a good crust on the bottom or is it still soggy looking? It needs to have a good crust started before we can move it to the roasting pan. If there are still a few soggy parts on the bottom, cover the pastry with a piece of aluminum foil so it doesnt start to burn. There needs to be enough foil to fit down both sides and the ends of the tenderloin roll to ensure the pastry does not overcook and begin to burn during this part. Place the baking sheet back in the over for some other 8 or so minutes, checking about 5 6 minutes in just to make sure it does not burn on the bottom.Step 13 When the pastry wrapped tenderloin becomes crunchy on the bottom, light golden brown on the top and smells like heaven, it is time to add the final touches and allow it to slow roast a little longer to infuse all the wonderful flavors even more. In the bottom of the roasting pan, put the 6 smashed garlic cloves, 2 tsp salt and the 3 tbsp of Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Just scatter them around under the baking rack. Now place the tenderloin, seam side down, on the rack inside the roaster. Allow the foil hat that we used already to cover the pastry to stay on for the first 20 minutes.If you did not have a foil hat earlier then please make one now so the pastry does not burn during this cooking stage. It needs to cover the sides and all across the top of the pastry. When the 20 minutes is up, remove the roaster from the over and remove the foil hat from the the tenderloin. Check the pastry for any soggy areas underneath or on the ends. Melt the brook 2 tbsp of salted butter and with the pastry brush, slather all of the butter on top of the pastry dough, its sides, edges, everywhere you can reach.Dont worry about the bottom it will run down there and help with the final roasting of the garlic cloves as well. Place the tender loin uncovered back inside the oven for an additional 15 minutes making sure that you get a golden brown crust on the pastry and do not let it burn. Different ovens vary in temperature and cooking times, please watch your crust to make sure it does not burn. You can reduce the cooking time or increase it as you are cooking this to work with your specific oven. Step 14 Remove the roaster from the oven.Allow the tenderloin to sit in the roaster for about 5-7 minutes, then move it to the cutting board to rest for at least 10 15 minutes more. This will help with the settling of the juices inside the meat, it will also help when you go to cut it so the pastry does not tear so easily. While your meat is resting, you can be finalizing your side dishes, table arrangements or just sit there and smell how good it smells until you finally get to cut into it. Step 15 The last step in the preparation of this amazing meal centerpiece is the cutting of the tenderloin.The key to cutting a perfect piece is to make sure your knife is extremely sharp. Serrated edged knives are best due to the pastry, however, if you prefer a chefs knife, sharpen it very well before you cut into this beautiful masterpiece. I prefer to use the tongs when trying to stabilize the tenderloin for the cut of first slice or two. Poking into the crust with the serving fork right off the bat sometimes allows more juices to run out of the meat while you are trying to cut it and the pastry becomes soggy and tears.So start at the end of your choice and move your knife about 1 to 1 ? inches into the body of the tenderloin. Steady it with your tongs and make one smooth slice from one side of the tenderloin to the other using the full length of the knife, drawing it from the handle down all the way to the tip. Then if you need to go back and slice again, repeat the same step. This will ensure that you are not tearing up the meat or the pastry. This is the conclusion of my special way of cooking Beef Wellington . I hope you will enjoy this dish as much as I have.Preparing it and eating it are both a joy to me. I hope it will be that way for you also. Never let a cookbook scare you into submission. Everything is worth trying to do when it comes to food. You might have to try some things over and over again to get it just the way you like it. The final product regardless of how many times you make it will be worth it. When your family and friends cant stop telling you how wonderful it is, you can tell them it was easy and just smile. Who knows you could have a magic touch

The Sustainability Megatrend (NZ)

To the Undergraduate Programmer Manager, In this report sustainability all toldow be addressed as to how it has affected forward-looking Zealand, and it forget be explained how the purpose of sustainability is a engagement. Sustainability is very strategic beca habituate we do not want to endanger or reduce the standard of living for consecutive generations (Wiley and Sons, 2010). Without staple fibre mental ensurerys such as air and water, thither will surely be no life on earth in the future.Supply chains and globalizes workforces hand created press on the environment and in turn backinges. Sustainability has become an objective with which some organizations strive for such as the sustainable origin Network. Sustainability will involve considering the semipermanent consequences of industry and harvest-feastion. It will be explained why businesses vex sustainable practices, why sustainability is important to newborn Zealand and what the g all overnment and different organizations argon accomplishing to make New Zealand sustainable.It will in addition explain New Sealants different industries that are environmentally friendly and on the way to Ewing sustainable. New Zealand has a unique set of industries and organizations relied on for sparing growth, most of which are having sustainable practices applied to. This report will also take an insight into the respectable of ontogeny and sustainability of indigenous pecks and the challenges and opportunities plaqued when management is mired with human resource sustainability.Indigenous peoples sacrifice the right to develop and sustain their population, and human resource sustainability is essential take a crap competitive utility in a demanding marketplace, as will be explained in this report. The Sustainability Imperative by David A. Lubing and Daniel C. Test (2010) is an name nearly the concept of how sustainability is an emerging engagement. Sustainability qualifies as a engagement du e to how environmental issues have gradually influenced businesses choices on value for customers, shareholders and stakeholders.Globalizes work forces and supply chains have created environmental wrings that are unwanted by businesses as countries such as mainland China and India compete for natural resources such as oil, which adds strain on the need to be sustainable. These issues have been increased by the mounting public and parliamentary concern. Consumers all over the world are looking for sustainable products and services because of these concerns. Thousands of companies are strategically implementing sustainable practices such as innovation in energy readiness, taint control, resource productivity and re refreshedable power. High Involvement forethought and gentle Resource Sustainability The Challenges and Opportunities by Paul J. Gallon (2005) is an expression about the challenges and opportunities of human resource sustainability. This article is raiseting forwar d the theory of how high involvement management can affect the sustainability of a business. credit linees are facing a struggle in competitive advantage in a demanding marketplace customers and consumers are demanding a lot more than before, with higher quality products, cheaper prices and faster delivery.To meet these challenges, more pressure has been placed on management to increase the sustainability, efficiency and productivity of their organizations, as wholesome as to reflect and immortalise top management. High Involvement commission strategy involves procedures that promote mutual respect and responsibility. Managers give employees more trust to make important workplace decisions, giving employees the hence to develop their knowledge, skills, improving employee satisfaction, resulting in higher productivity and effectiveness.A challenge is overcoming any employee resistance, as they can feel increasing pressure and a resistance to change when a strategy is put into pla ce. Implementing strategies a step at a time can solve this. Company process and sustainability usually benefits from the integration of human resource management and product strategies. The Right To Development and Indigenous Peoples Lessons From New Zealand by M Gibbs (2005) is an article about the concept of recognition and the right to placement for New Sealants indigenous peoples.New Sealants order insinuates that the Maori have the right to develop with the Treaty Of waiting and the Waiting Tribunal. The Treaty Of Waiting had two versions, the European and the Maori. There is a lot of confusion over the two versions of the Treaty as they are not exact translation. This confusion has caused many another(prenominal) debates and arguments such as the foreshore and seabed dispute (Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 No 93, as at 01 April 2011) If other nations follow this explanation, development rights in other countries will be improved.The Waiting Tribunal has recognized New Seala nts indigenous peoples the right to develop as a people, to develop traditional resources and to take part in the development of resources unkn ingest about in the 1840 partnership of the crown. The Treaty of Waiting has provided a solid foundation for the emergence of a Maori right to development. Maori represent 15% of New Sealants current population, in a situation like this sustainability is important to maintain the indigenous population.The issue of sustainability has become an important wiz businesses are increasingly evolving and implementing sustainable practices for various reasons. I will explain why businesses develop sustainable practices, why sustainability is important to New Zealand and what the government and different organizations are accomplishing to make New Zealand sustainable. Sustainability is the use of resources to maintain a standard of living that enables clubhouse to satisfy its current needs without reducing the standard of living for successive gener ations. (Wiley and Sons, 2010).The issue of keeping the world sustainable has encouraged individuals and businesses to take action, to monitor the efficiency of their use of resources and to reduce their influence on the environment. Sustainability is often measured in different values such as the input and output of resources, types of cost savings, the lessening of resource waste and the apparent value of the business to society as a whole. There are three main reasons why businesses develop sustainable practices, greenmailing, a reflection of management values and the luck to exploit a sustainable niche.Greenmailing is a call that gives people the impression that you are supporting sustainability for its own sake, but really you are exploiting sustainable practices in the company as a means to accumulate support and generate a better m 1tary return for shareholders. This raises the issue of if the business is ethical or abusing the publics trust. A reflection of management va lues is another reason why businesses develop sustainable practices, to show and reflect the values of top management. If the board of a business is consistent and shares values on sustainability, these values are likely to be dispersed by the firm.The last reason is the opportunity to exploit a sustainable niche. Some businesses take he option of developing business through the assembly of sustainable goods. There are two main groups who are involved in sustainability, the Government and non- government organizations. The Tearoom New Zealand government has introduced basic sustainable development possible actions to urge sustainable business practices such as enacting the Resource Management Act 1991, signing and approving the Kyoto Protocol and signing the ROI Declaration 1992.A major initiative New Zealand is involved with is the Kyoto Protocol, which is an obligation of supporting cleaner air pollution and sustainable living. The ROI Declaration is another with which New Zeala nd is involved with, it is a UN document support by numerous national governments that encourages solutions to the impact of the social lifestyle on the circumstance of the planet. New Zealand Tearoom is also encouraged to Join the Emissions/Biodiversity exchange vomit that is A project that records greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption and calculates the areas of native bush that it would take to polish offset them. (Wiley and Sons, 2010). In February 2007 the government announced a new sustainability policy aims at making New Zealand carbon neutral. This was lead by the example of upgrading the PIP fleet to be more economical. The New Zealand Business Council for Sustainable development is a non-government organization and a leadership initiative for change toward sustainable development. Many projects run by this organization promote sustainable development through business and school, partnership, influence greenhouse gas guidelines and sustainable supply chain mana gement.The board is made up of parties whose businesses have a direct engage with the council. Another non-government organization is the Sustainable Business Network. They are a unique connection for genuineness that are looking to be more sustainable they cost to help companies pursue sustainable projects. New Zealand relies on Agriculture, Horticulture and Diary Farming for economic growth. Because of this, a co dependent relationship exists to fulfill New Sealants image of being green. This means that financial injections are relied on to conserve and maintain the environment.There are various industries and organizations applying sustainable practices to their routine. The tourism industry in New Zealand has had to face challenges concerning with environmental sustainability. New Zealand has built up a account over the years as being a clean and green field. This has contributed to the success of which draws people in to New Zealand. New Zealand is the first country to hav e a government tourism department. The New Zealand Tourism Board was founded in 1991 to create the highest returns for the country and uphold tourism as a major industry to New Zealand.George Hickman, New Zealand Chief Executive implemented the campaign nose candy% Pure which was very productive in increasing tourist spending. Tourism is now the largest export industry in New Zealand, employing 1 in 10 rockers. New Zealand has won many awards for the 100% Pure campaign, earning awards such as the daily telegraphs best destination award in October and among others (Luxury Adventures New Zealand, 2004). This shows that there is pressure on New Zealand to maintain the reputation of a clean and green country. The tourism industry here in New Zealand has had to face challenges to meet the expectations of visitors to this country.Viticulture and the Wine industry in New Zealand is bend into a recent export industry, with numbers of hectares growing in size to produce vines. As a fairly recent industry in New Zealand, sustainable vine and wine growing initiatives are being put into place to lessen the effects the industry has on the environment. The renewable energy industry in New Zealand is one of the largest in the world, with 70% of power usage from renewable power sources (Ministry of Foreign Affairs Trade, 2004) Meridian Energy is a government possess company that capitalizes on its capability to produce renewable energy for New Sealants needs.Meridian Energy is the largest electricity generator in the country, and is the cornerstone of sustainable reactive. A compare amongst this article and New Zealand sustainability practices is that since environmental issues have gradually influenced business choices on value for customers and some consumers are looking for sustainable products and services, this is an example of how this provides an opportunity for businesses to exploit a sustainable niche. In New Zealand sustainability, one main reason for business es to develop sustainable practices was for the opportunity to exploit a sustainable niche.In this article there is a demand from consumers for sustainable products, and how environmental and sustainable issues have had an impact on business decisions. A stemma between this article and concomitant four is that in this article it has been stated that China and India have been competing to gain natural resources, but in New Zealand sustainability, New Zealand has been utilizing our natural resources by the 100% Pure campaign to keep New Zealand as clean and green for the success of the tourism industry.New Zealand has also been using wind farms to generate renewable power. A comparison between High Involvement Management and Human Resource Sustainability The Challenges and Opportunities by Paul J. Gallon (2005) and New Zealand sustainability is that they are both seeking to gain a good reputation of the reflection of management values. New Zealand sustainability stated that organiza tions show and reflect the values of top management advantage through sustainability.In the article by Paul J. Gallon, it is noted that High Involvement Management is implemented, not Just for sustainability but also to reflect the values of top management. A contrast between the two articles is that in the High Involvement Management article, it states that there is an increasing struggle to gain competitive advantage in more demanding marketplace, where businesses are having to produce better quality products, cheaper prices and faster delivery.Where as in the New Zealand sustainability article, businesses develop sustainable practices to exploit a niche in the market as a competitive advantage. The High Involvement article is putting forward the concept that to be more sustainable they have to improve organizational performance and integrate human resource management and product and market strategies. While in the New Zealand sustainability article, it is suggesting that to gain nominative advantage, the option of producing sustainable goods is recommended.A comparison between The right to development and indigenous people Lessons from New Zealand by M. Gibbs (2005) and New Zealand sustainability is that in the Indigenous article, it explains that in the Treaty Of Waiting there were two versions, a British version and a Maori one. The two versions are not an exact translation of each other as the Maori version was to be the translation of the British one. It is argued that the Maori version was translated in haste and that oral translation may have been more important than the written one.This can be seen as unethical, and to a drawing extent, an abuse of the Maori trust. In the New Zealand sustainability article, one way of why businesses develop sustainable practices is Greenmailing, a term used that gives people the impression that a business is supporting sustainability for its won sake, but really they use it for a means to accumulate support and gene rate a better financial return. This can be seen as unethical or abusing the publics trust, a similarity to the confusion over the Treaty Of Waiting.A contrast between the two articles is that in the New Zealand sustainability article, he concept of being environmentally sustainable is put forward, whereas in the Indigenous Peoples article, the concept of having the right to develop and sustain the Maori people is introduced. Human Resources and Maori Business frameworks, concepts and theories are applicable to sustainability and the success of an organization. In Human Resources the concepts of Job satisfaction, Job involvement, organizational commitment and employee engagement are all-important concepts to run a successful sustainable organization.In Maori Business the framework of the Treaty Of Waiting has helped established certain aspects of New Sealants Jurisprudence. The usefulness of the notion of integrating Strategic Management and trading operations Management, Human Re sources and Industrial traffic and Maori Business can be used as a tool to gain sustainable competitive advantage. They all interrelate and link to form one of the many basses of an organization. Strategic Management is the planning of preparing, implementing and evaluating decisions that will enable an organization to achieve its long-term goals.Strategic Management deals with the Five Forces Framework, which concerns itself with the entry, substitutes, suppliers, buyers and rivalries of an organization. It also deals with the SOOT analysis, which is strength, weakness, opportunity and threat, as well as political, economic, socio-cultural and technological aspects of the organization. Operations Management deals with the process flows accompanying with the consumption and creation of services and goods. Frameworks, theories and concepts used in this sector would be six-spot Sigma, a methodical process for refining the operational performance of an organization by eliminating was te.The Lean Approach, a method for meeting demand with no waste, which requires customer Ochs, synchronized flow, and involvement behavior. Another framework would be the Triple Bottom Line an annual report based on an organizations financial, social and environmental accountability. Human Resource and Industrial dealing is about managing people in order for a business and organization to succeed economically. Human Resource Management is about attracting, developing and maintaining a qualified workforce to maintain the objectives and strategies of a company, making it more sustainable.Human Resource and Industrial Relations concerns itself with functional structures, on the Job and off he Job training, career paths, the perceptions, personality, attitudes, and stress of people. Maori Business is the third largest business sector in New Zealand, and as New Sealants indigenous people, it is important to take the Maori economy in New Zealand. Maori businesses contribute around $10 b illion to the economy of New Zealand, there are Maori tourism operators and export companies.Maori Businesses focus on farming, forestry and fishing as the largest exports although food, fashion and film are new growth areas. Sustainable practices are being developed in farming, forestry and fishing. Maori Businesses are some of New Sealants largest corporations that deal with diversified products and services range. In a real world setting Strategic Management and Operations Management, Human Resources and Industrial Relations and Maori Business all interrelate as a tool to gain sustainable competitive advantage.With the Strategic Management, businesses and organizations would plan, prepare, implement and evaluate decisions and goals they would want to achieve. This can be corporate with Operations management, which deals in the consumption and creation of goods and services, as to achieve Operations Management Strategic Management must be defined so that Operations Management rec ognizes the long-term plan and goals to achieve them. Human Resources and Industrial Relations are also integrated with Strategic Management as long term planning from Strategic Management affects the Human Resources and Industrial Relations.Maori Business is integrated with Strategic Management thorough the planning, preparing, implementing and evaluation of decisions and goals. The Quadruple Bottom Line also integrates the two sectors by making businesses responsible for the economic, social, environmental, sustainability and spiritual effects of undertaking business. Operations Management is integrated with Human Resources and Industrial Relations and Maori Businesses as well as Strategic Management. Operations Management is integrated with Human Resources and Industrial Relations by the long term maintaining of the objectives and strategies.It is also integrated with Maori Business by the environment, associated with both aspects, as Maori Business supports sustainability and Op erations Management deals with waste elimination and general sustainability for both the organization and the environment. Lastly, Maori Business is integrated with Human Resources and Industrial Relations purely wrought how Maori Businesses tend to employ relatives, Hannah and Iii because of the cultural and family based aspect of Maori business.There are many insights I could offer to managers in the NUNS who wish to use the above to gain sustainable competitive advantage. I would offer the insight of improving Human Resource Management by increasing the sustainability, efficiency and productivity of their organizations. They could improve Job satisfaction, goal management. Using High Involvement Management could improve the loyalty and bond between manager and employee. If employees are given the opportunity to make important workplace decision, they will gain more skills and knowledge, be more involved with their work and will produce higher productivity.You also have to rememb er that strategies implemented to deal with Human resource have to be monitored carefully and implemented a step at a time, as there may be some employee resistance in the change. Another insight I would offer is the use of the reflection of top management and greenmailing. Developing sustainable practices can show and reflect the values of top management as well as to accumulate support and generate a better financial return for shareholders.Sustainability has become an important issue in todays society, businesses are in the process of becoming more sustainable not only for competitive advantage but for the environment as well. An additional insight I would offer is to have very good Strategic Management, as this sets the direction of the organization. Frameworks, theories and concepts can be utilized for Strategic Management such as SOOT Analysis- strength, weakness, opportunity and threat and the Five Forces Framework entry, substitutes, suppliers, buyers and rivalry. Good plan ning is essential in a business to be competitively advantaged.I would also offer the insight of having a good integration between the Strategic Management and the Operations Management. Strategic Management is the planning process and direction of an organization and the Operations Management carries through what the Strategic Management plans. The connection between the two is important as one cannot function without the other. Having a good connection between the two can improve sustainable competitive advantage.

The Training Programs And Job Performance Of The Rank â€And-File Employees

IntroductionIn a large enterprise didactics plays a vital role in a mannequin of administrative practices. It is considered as one statement of the total prudence activities of enterprise (Schein).Training for the Rank and File employees primarily is intended to prove skills in order to be productive and efficient. Training alike(p)wise aims to provide the employees the know directge require in realizeing the blood line such information regarding the placement its goal and program its affinity to other units in the conjunction and the sex actship between employees hit to that of other employees provide the feeling of the confidence, camaradene ,ease, and motivation to work in the harmony towards the attainment of the organisational goals.Training is also real important in enhancing the organizations hawkishness. The enhancement of employee skills to perform better job contribute much to the development of a better organizational prototype in the competitive market (Nad ler p-12) it is important to the continued viability of the organization that workers, must update their skills as technologies change.Training is a vehicle for organizational change in that it educates employees close to naked-sprung(prenominal) corporate strategies and better ways to operate.A review of corporate education and teaching would show how training contributes to a firms competitive future. presumptuousness continuously changing economy and fierce competition and quick technology change training is a way advance skills and increase knowledge of competitors curiously foreign cultures and markets. A slowly growing work big businessman out requires making the best use of the current work force. A changing work force due to high turnover or rapid growths requires newly training needs for providing workers lacking inbasic skills.Rapid advancement in technology has led to substantial organizational charges in many industries that have alter how work as done as well as the output of wok. A new technology has spread across the globe competitors have change magnitude with renew focus in the use of technology to enhance product quality and to increase a firms competitive advantage the organization approaches have needed employees to increase their skills so team employees can interchange jobs thereby allowing flexible work schedules and upper limit group efficiency same companies have compensated the employee non only for their process but also for learning new skills that enhance their value to the firm.Training should be viewed as socialization agents that help people understand and accomplish a commitment to the organizational strategies such business decision and not employee need to do be successful in the organization.Training has found a very important role in an organization that is why the research choose to conduct their occupy in Zilog company where a electronics components thus should able to con which training program init iated in the company most effect to the job performance of the employees. This company was accessible in their goal to be one competitive firm in the Philippines in able to succeed the goal of an organization. It was important to train the employee in order to acquire the new knowledge to perform their job well.The researchers choose the topic the training programs and job performance of the graze and shoot down away employees at Zilog company Sucat, Muntinlupa City because they felt that through these battlefield employees would develop their performance in work and the organization would be more productive and profitable by training program. The researchers want to know the significance of training programs in coition to job performance. Training is the systematic development of the attitude, knowledge, skill and behavior pattern require for the adequate performance for a given job. Theresearchers choose Zilog Inc.Company because this is one of the competitive firms in the business industries and one in the Philippines that export products in other country like Japan.As such employees have to be trained, developed and note if an organization is upkeep to attain its objective with the fullest cooperation of employees in leading organizational goals.The Statement of the ProblemThe researchers conducted this study to esteem the present training program of Zilog Company Sucat, Muntinlupa City for the downright and file employees. Specifically study will attempt to answer the succeeding(a) questions1. What are the demographic profiles of the respondents in relation to1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Civil status 1.4 educational attainment 1.5 Length of service in the company2. Which training program designed for point and file employees affects them most in relation to job performance in terms of 2.1 Apprenticeship training 2.2 Vestibule training 2.3 Off the job training3. To what extent does the training program affect the job performance of the direct and fi le employees.3.1 effectualness in their job performance 3.2 force in performing their duties and responsibilities4. Is there a significant relationship between the training programs into the job performance of the rank and file employee?Hypothesis of the studyThe hypothesis used by the researchers was a null hypothesis. It is defense reaction of an existence of an attribute, a relationship or a difference of an effect.Ho. at that place is no significant relationship between the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees.Significance of the studyThe result of our study The training Program in relation to the job performance of the rank and file employees of Zilog Inc Company Sucat Muntinulpa City, will create gain to the following persons and entities.Management of Zilog CompanyHandle people to do certain tasks. It regards the well-planned and organized training programs for managers to retard employees obsolescence and turn them into productive worker s.Rank and File EmployeeWould be able to enhance their skills and realize their weaknesses. They would be better prepare to unchanged their dislikes and responsibilities in the organization and improve the social relationship with their fellow employees as well as with their clientele through telling training programs.ResearchersCould gain knowledge and insight into training programs which be profitable to his/her employment in the future. Commerce students of Pamantasan ng Lungsodng Muntinlupa by providing enough information about the effectiveness of training program in employees of Zilog company.Scope and limitationThis study find to the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees of Zilog Technology Inc Sucat, Paranque City.the rank and file employees of the express electronics company were the respondents of the study. The total respondents of Zilog Company are 30. The scope of the study includes the demographic profile of respondents extent of tra ining program that affect the efficiency of the rank and file employees and types of training being given to the employees in the organization.DEFINITION OF TERMSFor understanding purposes the following are the definition of terms, used in the study.Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a skill. Effectiveness means the capability of producing an effect, and is most frequently used in connection with the degree to which something is capable of producing a particular, desired effect. Efficiency in general describes the extent to which time or trend is well used for the intended task or purpose.Job Performance includes activities that ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner productiveness is a measure of output from a production process, per unit of input. For example, labor productivity is typically measured as a ratio of output per labor-hour, an input. rank and file are the individual members of an org anization, exclusive of its leadership.The Training Programs And Job Performance Of The Rank And-File EmployeesIntroductionIn a large enterprise training plays a vital role in a variety of administrative practices. It is considered as one statement of the total management activities of enterprise (Schein).Training for the Rank and File employees primarily is intended to prove skills in order to be productive and efficient. Training likewise aims to provide the employees the knowledge required in performing the job such information regarding the organization its goal and program its relationship to other units in the company and the relationship between employees work to that of other employees provide the feeling of the confidence, camaradene ,ease, and motivation to work in the harmony towards the attainment of the organizational goals.Training is also very important in enhancing the organizations competitiveness. The enhancement of employee skills to perform better job contribute much to the development of a better organizational image in the competitive market (Nadler p-12) it is important to the continued viability of the organization that workers, must update their skills as technologies change.Training is a vehicle for organizational change in that it educates employees about new corporate strategies and better ways to operate.A review of corporate education and training would show how training contributes to a firms competitive future. Given continuously changing economy and fierce competition and rapid technology change training is a way advance skills and increase knowledge of competitors especially foreign cultures and markets. A slowly growing work force requires making the best use of the current work force. A changing work force due to high turnover or rapid growths requires new training needs for providing workers lacking inbasic skills.Rapid advancement in technology has led to substantial organizational charges in many industries that have affe cted how work as done as well as the output of wok. A new technology has spread across the globe competitors have increased with renew focus in the use of technology to enhance product quality and to increase a firms competitive advantage the organization approaches have required employees to increase their skills so team employees can interchange jobs thereby allowing flexible work schedules and maximum group efficiency same companies have compensated the employee not only for their performance but also for learning new skills that enhance their value to the firm.Training should be viewed as socialization agents that help people understand and make a commitment to the organizational strategies such business decision and not employee need to do be successful in the organization.Training has found a very important role in an organization that is why the research choose to conduct their study in Zilog company where a electronics components thus should able to determine which training program initiated in the company most effect to the job performance of the employees. This company was accessible in their goal to be one competitive firm in the Philippines in able to succeed the goal of an organization. It was important to train the employee in order to acquire the new knowledge to perform their job well.The researchers choose the topic the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees at Zilog Company Sucat, Muntinlupa City because they felt that through these study employees would develop their performance in work and the organization would be more productive and profitable by training program. The researchers want to know the significance of training programs in relation to job performance.Training is the systematic development of the attitude, knowledge, skill and behavior pattern require for the adequate performance for a given job. Theresearchers choose Zilog Inc.Company because this is one of the competitive firms in the business indu stries and one in the Philippines that export products in other country like Japan.As such employees have to be trained, developed and note if an organization is aid to attain its objective with the fullest cooperation of employees in leading organizational goals.The Statement of the ProblemThe researchers conducted this study to appraise the present training program of Zilog Company Sucat, Muntinlupa City for the rank and file employees. Specifically study will attempt to answer the following questions1. What are the demographic profiles of the respondents in relation to1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Civil status 1.4 Educational attainment 1.5 Length of service in the company2. Which training program designed for rank and file employees affects them most in relation to job performance in terms of 2.1 Apprenticeship training 2.2 Vestibule training 2.3 Off the job training3. To what extent does the training program affect the job performance of the rank and file employees.3.1 Effectiveness i n their job performance 3.2 Efficiency in performing their duties and responsibilities4. Is there a significant relationship between the training programs into the job performance of the rank and file employee?Hypothesis of the studyThe hypothesis used by the researchers was a null hypothesis. It is denial of an existence of an attribute, a relationship or a difference of an effect.Ho. There is no significant relationship between the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees.Significance of the studyThe result of our study The training Program in relation to the job performance of the rank and file employees of Zilog Inc Company Sucat Muntinulpa City, will create benefit to the following persons and entities.Management of Zilog CompanyHandle people to do certain tasks. It regards the well-planned and organized training programs for managers to prevent employees obsolescence and turn them into productive workers.Rank and File EmployeeWould be able to enhanc e their skills and realize their weaknesses. They would be better prepare to unchanged their dislikes and responsibilities in the organization and improve the interpersonal relationship with their fellow employees as well as with their clientele through effective training programs.ResearchersCould gain knowledge and insight into training programs which be useful to his/her employment in the future. Commerce students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa by providing enough information about the effectiveness of training program in employees of Zilog company.Scope and limitationThis study determined to the training programs and job performance of the rank and file employees of Zilog Technology Inc Sucat, Paranque City.the rank and file employees of the said electronics company were the respondents of the study. The total respondents of Zilog Company are 30. The scope of the study includes the demographic profile of respondents extent of training program that affect the efficiency of the rank and file employees and types of training being given to the employees in the organization.DEFINITION OF TERMSFor understanding purposes the following are the definition of terms, used in the study.Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a skill. Effectiveness means the capability of producing an effect, and is most frequently used in connection with the degree to which something is capable of producing a specific, desired effect. Efficiency in general describes the extent to which time or effort is well used for the intended task or purpose.Job Performance includes activities that ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner Productivity is a measure of output from a production process, per unit of input. For example, labor productivity is typically measured as a ratio of output per labor-hour, an input. rank and file are the individual members of an organization, exclusive of its leadership.Training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies.Zilog Technology is a trusted supplier of application specific, embedded system-on-chip (SoC) solutions for the industrial and consumer markets.THE TRAINING PROGRAMS AND JOB PERFORMANCEOF THE RANK AND-FILE EMPLOYEESOF ZILOG TECHNOLOGY INC.SUCAT PARANAQUEIN PARTAIL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF bachelor-at-arms OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MAJOR IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

Everything for Sale

Everything for Sale by Robert Kuttner A Summary Insert full name here Insert institutional information here Everything for Sale by Robert Kuttner A Summary In his book, Robert Kuttner (1999) tries to shake the dominant orthodoxy of laissez-faire economics, which he sees as the natural form of capitalism, by attempting to reclaim a defensible middle groundwork between when the market is best left al wiz and when it needs help (p. 5). Kuttners chief premise is that a mixed economy is necessary for a society that is civil and decent, a society where the economy is in optimum health.For Kuttner, unfettered laissez-faire economy is in conflict with mixed economy, and that their opposition is essentially a struggle between the moderate but rational dissent the call for a mixed economy and the prevailing orthodoxy, or the desire to go for the economic status quo. He further maintains that a mixed economy is realistic precisely because there is virtually no escape from politics, especia lly in the economic landscape where the government can influence its course by adopting certain national economic policies.Kuttner readily accepts some notable contributions of the market system. For instance, he concedes that markets accomplish much superbly, and that they offer consumers broad qualitys (Kuttner, 1999, p. 11). Paraphrasing Adam Smith, Kuttner (1999) states that the great paradox of the market is that the individual pursuit of self-interest aggregates to an efficient general good (p. 11). He reaffirms the long-held belief that markets, when left alone, can lead to a vibrant economy.Yet, Kuttner eventually notes that the complimentary market capitalist system is not entirely a pie-eyed structure that has an aversion to changes. He believes that, for economies to operate efficiently, drastic change or abrupt disjuncture is the exception rather than the rule (Kuttner, 1999, p. 12). Thus, markets may accommodate bare-assed prices, whether higher or lower than the pr evailing prices. Old businesses may go insolvent, and new businesses offering the same goods or services may take their stead.Through the presentment of changes, the market is able to correct itself. In his book, however, Kuttner proposes something else. Kuttner seeks to dispel the complement notions that government interventions in the market are never successful and that markets are self-correcting and can thusly work on their own. To reclaim the so-called middle ground, Kuttner offers detailed examples of how previous government interventions in the market did in fact work. He also writes intimately the shortcomings of the market for healthcare, the labor market, and the financial markets.By providing those examples, he then reduces the theoretical clout of contemporary laissez-faire economics, which he then deploys to draw attention to his position in favor of mixed economy. Kuttner further combines these examples with the premise that there are many kinds of economic and soc ial goods that the market simply cannot provide without failing in one significant way or another. For instance, transportation and communication infrastructures are often financed by the government in association with other private and political entities.Though the bullion are not entirely from the government, it cannot be doubted that the government has its share and that it is through its political efforts that the infrastructure projects are realized. Thus, for Kuttner, without the participation of the government in the economy, no issue how limited, the country will hardly be having the social and economic goods it now enjoys today. Clearly, markets are not perfectly self-correcting for Kuttner (1999) and, as a necessary consequence, the only review on their excesses must be extra-market institutions (p. 62), which is short of saying that the check is the government itself. Kuttner lists several areas upon which excesses have been committed. For instance, he states that even the seemingly innocent frequent-flyer program is discredited of frustrating shopping around for travel services by other airline companies since this program is designed to entice people to stick with a raise carrier in order to earn mileage credits (p. 261). To curb this, Kuttner (1999) states that there must be a regulated airline competition where regulators could slew a zone of tolerable prices, to reflect actual costs more nearly (p. 68). Another example is the case of the electric power market where the accompanying technological innovations in the first three decades of the mass availability of electricity led to the situation where real prices rose dramatically between 1930 and 1933, except that the doorway of public power and national regulation in the mid-1930s brought back the virtuous pattern of declining prices, technical advances, and increasing usage (Kuttner, 1999, p. 272).Even the environment is not spared from the failure of a free market. Kuttner observes th at the laissez-faire system has encouraged more spewing of pollutants, the manufacture of dangerous products, and others. Through regulatory measures out of broad public-policy goals, Kuttner believes that markets will have no choice but to cut down their waste discharges. The discussion cites other examples in order to illustrate the fact that the free market oftentimes finds help from the federal government.Kuttner (1999) concludes his book with a restatement of how nations have now experienced more than two decades of the celebration of markets and denigration of government (p. 361). Instead of continuing such prevailing notion, he reasserts that the case for the market is much more of a mixed case than its champions insist, especially since markets have become increasingly impulsive in breaching what used to be the province of rights.For Kuttner, the more these markets try to penetrate the province of inalienable rights in their relentless pursuit of profit, the more constraints from the government are needed. Otherwise, the whole foundation upon which the free market capitalist system stands will likewise become endangered. Reference Kuttner, R. (1999). Everything for sale The virtues and limits of markets. Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press.

Nationalism After the War of 1812 Essay

After the war of 1812, a surge of nationalism spread everywhere end-to-end America. Having unofficially won the war without even an official army, the people of America became very proud of themselves and how their great country established such a feat. The nationalism grew until John Marshall, an aggressive Chief Justice, further strengthened and expanded it. He was a devout Federalist appointed by John Adams years before his intimately famous case of Marbury vs. Madison in 1803. Being a Federalist he was a great rival to Thomas Jefferson. He served until 1835 and was the forth imperious solicit Justice.His only legal schooling was six weeks attending lectures at the College of William and Mary, however when he took the bench in 1801, he changed the Judicial Branch as we use up it. In fact, he made the branch the most powerful section of the government at that cartridge holder.Read more How do checks and balances guard against tyranny stressHis most significant early case w as the famous Marbury v. Madison in 1803, which established the reform of the court to declare the actions of local, enunciate or federal governments invalid if they violate the opus. This process of declaring actions void was called Judicial Review and it made the Court equally as powerful as the legislative and executive branches of government.Another strategic case was Martin vs. Hunters Lessee in 1816. The ruling by Marshall declared that the power of the Supreme Court extended to the State Courts. The court nowadays had the right to directly review other courts decisions. Yet another case, Cohens vs. Virginia strengthened this right and extended the reach of the court all the way to the citizens of the U.S. and states. Marshalls court became more and more powerful until it got the right to review almost all lower court decisions.The famous Fletcher vs. Peck case ruled (in 1810) that the Supreme Court had the right to void State laws. The details behind the case were as fol lows The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a deal with the Yazoo Land Company. It seemed suspicious so the company was taken to court. A subsequent legislative session repealed the grants because of thecorruption that had accompanied the original grant. The Supreme Court, with Marshall presiding, unflinching that the original action by the Georgia Assembly had constituted a valid contract, which could not be broken regardless of the corruption. This was the very first time that a State law was voided because it went against the Constitution.Then, after the war of 1812 Marshall issued more decisions that strengthened the federal government and Federalist ideas. In the McCulloch vs. Maryland case, Marshall ruled that the state did not have the right to tax or regulate banks. This also encouraged economic expansion and development. In the Dartmouth vs. Woodward case it was declared that the states had no right to alter or impair contracts unilaterally. It also pr omoted business development.The last important case was Gibbons vs. Ogden, which further strengthened federal power by ruling that the Constitution had specifically given Congress the power to regulate commerce.Under John Marshall, the Supreme Court gained enough power to surpass the power of the other branches of the government. He also declared many laws and rulings that America still follows and lives under even today. Either way, he changed the Judicial branch forever, especially at that time and the humans has never seen a more intelligent man presiding.

Explore How Black People Are Differently Treated by the Criminal Justice System Essay

Racial prejudice is not alone(predicate) to modern day society, it has been with us for a long time, this has been coupled with the vox populi that certain racial groups atomic number 18 less intelligent, or backward comp atomic number 18d to snowy European stock, nowhere is this more true than in the shepherds crook justice placement. In 1869 Francis Galton published a book called Hereditary Genius this contained a chapter called The Comparative Worth of Different Races which considered that black Americans were genetically inferior to white Americans.Galton stated that blacks scored on average 15 IQ points below whites. (Coleman 1987) We can see that within the field of criminal justice, and with Galtons work considered that black populate were bound to be treated differently due to a belief born out of misunderstanding of the nature of culture and individual personality differences, the hereditary argument has neer been scientifically proved or disproved. The 1991 census showed that 5. 5% of the population were from an pagan origin, with 1. 6% of these being black from an Afro-Caribbean background.It was reported that a higher amount of the ethnic minorities was of younger throng than in the general population, and it can be seen that this alone could be a reason for the proportionately higher level of blacks in the criminal justice system , going on the grounds that in the indigenous population it is the younger generation, those aged 14-25 course of studys that commit the vast majority of crime. horror by ethnic minorities, and in particular young black males can also be seen to be a hearty situation, and whitethorn be a product of sheer logistics.Many new immigrant families move into what is perceived as a high crime area, particularly inner city areas, where housing may be cheaper and unemployment is higher than at a national level. These areas may receive more natural law attention than richer areas and in that locationfore the new immig rant families come to the attention of the police more than those in more rural areas. xenophobia may also cause the police to over react when dealing with black families. A study by Goreman & Coleman (1982) looking at personality and attitudes within the British police force, showed that the average police constable was indeed racist.They asked in the study for police officers to write a short essay, some of the comments were vigorously racist, comments such as, Certain members of the coloured population that l charter met are OK only when the majority of youths of the West Indian community are savage ignorant vicious thieving bastards , . most of them are just dirty , over 50% of trouble is caused by niggers , loathly backward people who will never change (Coleman 1987).In the last 10 years most public agencies, including the police force, have formed bear upon opportunities policies, these apply not only to recruitment but also to the way people are treated, and is especi ally needed in the criminal justice system where there are disproportionately more blacks than whites in the prison system in comparison to the size of the black population in society as a whole. It was reported in 1982 that black people made up 18% of the prison population, but only accounted for 5% of the general population.The figures are worse for Afro-Caribbean males, 1% of the population, but 11% of the prison population. (Home Office 1982). During the 1980s it became apparent that blacks were more likely to be stopped by the police. The British Crime valuate in 1988 found that 14% of Asians, 15% of whites, but 20% of Afro-Caribbeans reported being stopped by the police in the preceding year (Skogan 1990) The British Crime Survey also reported that there was some evidence that crimes detected by the police and those reported by the public seemed to have a racial bias.Blacks and Asians also complained more than whites about the way they were treated once arrested by the polic e (Skogan 1990). On the subject of arrest it seems also that blacks are treated differently in this process. A survey by the PSI (Policy Studies Institute) in 1983 found that blacks were disproportionately arrested, they found that 5% of the population of capital of the United Kingdom were black, but 17% of those arrested in London were black. Further studies by Walker (1988) & (1989) support these findings.Landau & Nathan (1983) reported that there is evidence to suggest that blacks will be cautioned less than whites, a white youngster is four times more likely to receive a caution than a black juvenile. Also black juveniles are more likely to be remanded in custody than whit or Asian teenagers. Walker (1988) also showed that black juveniles are twice as likely to bug out at crown court than whites.A Home Office Statistical Bulletin (1986) showed that blacks in prison were more likely to have less previous(prenominal) convictions than white men in similar circumstances, the figur e for whites was 62%, Afro-Caribbeans 48% and for Asians 20%.The main finding from these and many other statistics is that black people are dealt with, whether as suspects, offenders or defendants, in a highly disproportionate way, it can also be seen that they are treated more harshly than their white counterparts at virtually every stage of the criminal justice process. It is so not surprising that black people have less faith in the police and criminal justice system than white British people.David Smith (1994) argues that the main group in society has a degree of power, seen to be unique and special in relation to religious, social and cultural traditions of the particular society, thus creating an unequal legal system that is biased against ethnic minorities. This can be seen to be the stem from which racial disparities may emerge in the British legal system and criminal process, and may explain why black people are treated differently by the criminal justice system.He (Smith) further argues that the law is a national institution and part of a national identity element that is born out of centuries of tradition, and therefore unless changed does not take account of relatively recent immigration of ethnic minorities to this country. It can be argued that there are deuce main reasons for blacks being disproportionately represented in our criminal justice system, firstly that they commit more crime, and secondly that they are treated in a different and possibly harsher way, so as to be over represented in the criminal justice system.Research in the USA has shown that crime is in fact higher amongst blacks (Wilbanks 1987). This view has been criticised, for example by Reiner (1993) stating that to exclude external variables that effect such findings is almost impossible. Reiner (1989 & 1993) concluded that it is the way in which black people are treated differently from white people in our criminal justice system that created the disproportionate levels of minorities in the process, although he concedes that this is far from conclusive.Smith (1994) criticises Reiner for this view, believe that Reiner is contradicting himself, with little evidence, suggesting that it is treatment that cause high black representation in the criminal justice system, but stating that this may not be believed by some, and is in fact inconclusive. It is true that blacks are over represented in the criminal justice process, what is not clear is, why.Whether we like to think it or not there is still a great deal of racial prejudice in this country, and this alone feeds societies morals and thus its policing and criminal law, this prejudice and discrimination therefore makes it catchy for minorities to gain employment, especially in times of high unemployment and recession. This can lead to feelings of rejection, lack of self-esteem, poverty, lack of self-respect and insecurity. Blacks, as mentioned above, often live in the poorest areas of the cities and the refore come to the attention of the police far more than white youths, parents may also find it difficult to exercise control over their children in areas where social control is at its lowest.Whatever the reason for higher black crime, whether a statistical wrong, or innate criminality, for which there is little support, it is clear we will never get at the real reason that blacks are treated differently by the criminal justice system, to a fault many people would have too much to lose by finding an answer. 1,407 words. REFERENCES. Coleman, A. (1987) Facts, Fallacies and Frauds in Psychology. London Unwin Hyman. Galton, F. (1869) Hereditary Genius, an enquiry into its laws and consequences (2 ed. 1978) London Friedmann. Coleman, A. & Goreman, L..(1982) Conservatism, Dogmatism, and authoritarianism in British police officers. Sociology, 16, 1-11. Landau, s. & Nathan, g. (1983) Selecting Delinquents for Cautioning in the London Metropolitan Area. British Journal of Criminology. 23, (2) 128-48. Reiner, R. (1989) Chief Constables. Oxford Oxford University Press. Reiner, R. (1993) Race, Crime & Justice, Models of Interpretation. IN L, Gelsthorpe, & W, McWilliam (Eds) Minority Ethnic Groups and the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge Cambridge Institute of Criminology. Skogan, W. (1990) The Police and Public in England and Wales, A British Crime Survey Report.Home Office Research Study no 117. London HMSO. Smith, D. (1994) Race, Crime and Criminal Justice. IN Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Maguire, M. Morgan, R. & Reiner, R. (Eds) Oxford Claenden Press. Walker, M. (1988) The Court organisation of Young Males by Race in London 1983. British Journal of Criminology 28, (4) 441-59. Walker, M. (1989) The Court Disposal and remands of White, Afro-Caribbean and Asian Men(London 1983). British Journal of Criminology. 29. (4), 353-67. Wilbanks, W. (1987) The Myth of a racial Criminal Justice System. USA Brooks/Cole.

Dead Poets Society and Individualism

Preston Herring English 200 February 6, 2013 Dead Poets Society and Individualism In the movie, Dead Poets Society, it conveys the approximation of individual(a)ism and how it can impact your manners as a whole in detail. The umteen conflicts that the characters face without the movie demonstrate how the thought of thinking for ones self is shameful and how being different and sticking out from the crowd is looked d knowledge upon. Neil Parrys suicide for lesson illustrates the consequences that can happen when someones individual thoughts and feelings are not listened to and authoritys tradition is allowed to prevail against individualism.On the other hand the triumph of the individual thoughts and beliefs may sometimes have a positive outcome like in the case of Knox Overstreet. When Knox becomes obsessed with Chris, without even meeting her, he ends up risking his action to win her heart. In both cases, characters go with their individual thoughts and beliefs to fill their choices and stop obeying traditional authority figures. The whole group of friends of Neil Parry and Todd Anderson embark on a trip of purpose themselves and individual growth that will have a lasting impact on their futures.Not everybody can have the inner strength to viewpoint up for their individual thoughts. An example is Neil Parrys unfortunate suicide. When Neil decides to pursue a career in acting rather than in medicine his father, Mr. Parry, is furious. stolid by Neils extraordinary performance in the play, A Midsummer Nights Dream, Mr. Parry continues to insist on controlling Neils life and dictating his every move. But Mr. Parrys efforts were in vain. Neil had already experienced license once before, a privilege not easily obtained.With this taste of freedom he realizes that he can think for himself and do great things on his own. Neil eventually stands up to his father, but cant express his opinions and emotions to the increasingly savage old school man that his fa ther is. Rather than continuing to live a life in which he cant pursue his own true dreams, he decides that the lone(prenominal) way to gain control of his situation is by killing himself. Though he lost everything in the process, suicide was the only way for Neil to stand up to his father and live life to the fullest or s Mr. Keating would say Carpe Diem. Through the action of suicide, Neil is taking control of his life decisions and moldiness accept the consequences. Neils decision to take his life was a necessary step to find himself, grow as an individual, and realize that he can make his own decisions. On the other side of the story is Knox Overstreet, one who is not afraid to express his own emotions and romances. Knox recognizes the vital importance of individualism when he becomes in love with Chris, a girl that he has never met before and doesnt even know.Knox, like Neil, recognizes the importance of individual emotion and opinions in guiding him through life and helping h im make decisions. Knox decides to risk everything by standing up to her boyfriend Chet in a romantic attempt to win Chriss heart. His many attempts prove to be effective in the end. Chris does go to A Midsummer Nights Dream with Knox and even holds his hand. In a way Knox has succeeded, he has won the battle, and he has prevailed over the authority figure Chet.Throughout the movie, there are several examples where characters act with individuality, purposely disobeying traditional authority in order to keep an eye on their own dreams. In some cases, these conflicts had positive outcomes like in Knoxs case. In other situations such outbreak of individualism had deadly consequences like Neil. In either case the process of self-discovery and free thinking was bound to happen and after being awarded freedom for the very first time, both Neil and Knox werent going away to give up this sense of individuality and free thinking up without a fight.The only place where someone can find out his or her true identity, their true character, is within himself or herself. Neil and Knoxs fearless fight with basic tradition beliefs will forever demonstrate the importance and necessity of finding yourself and individually growing to become a new person that you chose to be and to be a role model and figure to new generations of teenagers to come. Works Cited FitzPatrick, Bill. achieve Principles. Success. org. American Success Institute. 12 Dec 2006 . Long, Tony. You Say You Want a Revolution? Podcast entry The Luddite. 06 July 2006. Wired. com. 12 Dec 2006 . Waldo, Ralph Waldo. Philosophy of Teaching. UW. 12 Dec 2006 .

40 Common Mistakes in Namaz (Salat)

The Magnifying Glass On Clarifying M both Common Errors AlAlAshAl-Minthaar Fee Katheer Min Al-Akhtaa Ash-Shaaiah A Excerpt Dealing with 40 Commmon Mistakes in Salaat Saalih Ibn Abdul-Azeez Ibn Muhammad Aalish-Shaykh (hafithahullah) Abdul-Qaadir Abdul-Khaaliq Translator 1998 Al-Haramain Foundation Mistakes of Salaah 1. Leaving the salah al unneurotic. This is so kufr (disbelief) and the evidence is found in spite of appearance the Quraan the real hadith and the consensus of the ummah. al one(a)ah taaala states If they repent and establish the salah and give the zakaah, they atomic number 18 you br other(a)s in faith (deen). Al-Quraan 911 And Allah taaala regularises What landed you in As-Saqar (Hell)? They utter We were non of those who make salah (almusalleen)Al-Quraan 7642-43 and so on. As far as the sunnah The hadeeth of Jaabir that the seer (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) say Between a man and shirk (what protects him from shirk) is the abandon custodyt of sal ah. Muslim It is narrated by Abu Dawood, An-Nisaai, Ibn Maajah, and At-Tirmidhi on the authority of Buraidah Ibn Al-Husaib from the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) who verbalise The covenant between us and them (i. e. he Prophet and/or his successors -and those who claim to be Muslims) is the salaah so whosoever abandons it has disbelieved. Ahmad and others and it is saheeh As far as consensus (al-ijmaa) Abdullah Ibn Shaqeeq (radiallahu anhu) state The Companions of Muhammad (radiallahu anhum) did non view the abandonment of some(prenominal) other deed as kufr other than (abandoning) salaah. At-Tirmidhi and others with an au correspondlytic mountain range 2. Delaying the salaah from its appointed time. This is a violation accord to the word of Allah taaala verily the salaah has been appointed for the believers at specific times (mawqoot). Al-Quraan 4103 Al-Mawqoot indicates a specific appointed time and the postp unrivalledment of sallah beyond the obligatory time (fa rdh) is a major hell and Allah is the ane upon Whom we depend. On the authority of Anas who said I heard the messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) verbalism This is the salaat of the hypocrite (munaafiq) when he sits observing the sun until it is between the horns of Shaitaan, then he stands to perform quad (rakah) remembering Allah little. Muslim If this is the salaah of the hypocrite hen what of the salaah of some iodine who postp mavins the petition until the sail through and through period of the salaat has passed without whatsoever rationalise? 3. Abandonment of the multitudeal beger in the masjid by able men either regularly or on occasion. The commandment has been given to perform the salaah in sheepcote in the masaajid. Congregational (al-jamaaah) salaah is a duty except for those who get to a valid excuse according to the shariah. The courier of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said Whoever hears the call (al-adhaan) and there afterwards does non answer it (i. e. ttend the congregational salaah) there is no salaah for him except for a valid excuse. Reported by Ibn Maajah and others with a strong chain (isnaad) and Al-Haafith Ibn Hajar said Its chain is according to the conditions of Muslim. Allah taaala in like manner says And bow down with those who bow down. Al-Quraan 243 In a hadeeth in AlBukhaari and Muslim (mutafaqun alaih) I would then leave (after tbe salaah has begun) and go to those men who do not attend the salaah and burn their posts down over them. 4. Lack of coolity (at-tamaneenah) within the salaat.This is in general d atomic number 53 out of ignorance and it is an open transgression be get along ease is a pillar (rukn) of the salaah without which the salaah is incorrect. The hadeeth about the man who performed his salaah badly is a clear evidence for this. The meaning of tamaneenah ( peacefulness) is that the one praying is tranquil in the rukoo (bending), standing (itidaal), crash (sujood), and sittin g between the two prostrations (juloos), and he should get in mental attitude where every bone settles into place, he should not hasten between portions of the prayer until he has attained tranquility in it and gives each its due time.The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said to the one who was rushing through his salaah without observing the proper tranquility Go back and make salaah because you hit not made the salaah. And in the hadeeth of Rifaaah on the story of the one who prayed badly it goes on Then he makes takbeer and bows and entrusts his hands on his knees until each joint is settled and relaxed. Then he says samiallahu liman hamida (Allah hears the one who praises Him) then stands up straight until each bone is in its place. . Lack of proper reverence and humility (khushoo) in the salaat and excess heading therein. The place of khushoo is in the heart and it is evident in the tranquility of the limbs and humility before Allah. Allah has indeed praised His strive r by His rumor Those who offer their salaah with all solemnity and full submissiveness. Al-Quraan 232 As easy He has praised the prophets by his record Verily they utilise to hasten on to do good deeds and they used to call upon Us with hope and fear, and used to umble themselves before Us. Al-Quraan 2190 It is incumbent. The limbs of the break ones back in prayer should be still and his heart should be solemn until he whitethorn be rewarded for his salaah. It is narrated on the authority of Ammaar Ibn Yaasir (radiallahu anhu) he said I heard the messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) saying Verily a man leaves after completing his prayer and zip has been written for him except a tenth of his salaah, a ninth, an eighth, a sixth, a fifth, a fourth, a third, or half of it. Abu Dawood, An-Nisaai, and others and it is an regular(a) hadeeth The reason for the shortcoming in its reward is the escape of khushoo in the heart of the one who prays or in the limbs. 6. Intenti onally preceding the imaam in the movements of the prayer or not discovering his movements. This nullifies the salaah or rakah for whoever bows before his imaam ruins his own rakah unless he follows it later with another(prenominal) bowing. such(prenominal) is comparablewise with the rest of the arkaan (pillars) of the salaah. It is obligatory for the praying psyche to follow the imaam exhaustly without preceding him or lagging keister him in all rukn (pillar) or more.Abu Dawood and others transmit with an authentic chain from Abu Hurairah that the messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said Verily the imaam is to be completely followed, so if he makes takbeer then you make takbeer and dont make takbeer until he does so, and if he bows then bow and dont bow until he does so Its origin is in the two saheehs and Al-Bukhaari has another like it narrated by Anas. The one who forgets or the one who is ignorant is excused. 7. Standing to complete a missed rakah before the imaam has completely holy do the second tasleem (i. closing the prayer by saying As-salaamu alaikum wa rahmatullahi to the rightfield and left(a)over). It is reported in Saheeh Muslim that the courier of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said Do not precede me in the rukoo (bowing) not in the sujood (prostration) nor in going out of the prayer (al-insiraaf). The scholars have said that the meaning of al-insiraaf is at-tasleem and it is named such because the praying psyche may leave afterwards and he leaves only after the second tasleem. The one who precedes the imaam should stay in his place ntil the imaam has completed his salaah, then he should stand and complete whatever he missed, and Allah knows best. 8. Making the intention for prayer aloud. This is a bidah (innovation), and we have previously adduce the prohibition against bidah. The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) never made the intention for salaah aloud. Ibn Al-Qayyim, rahimahullah, stated in Zaad Al-Maaad or in Al-Hudaa An-Nabawiyy When the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) would stand for salaah he said Allahu Akbar and said nothing else before it nor did he pronounce his intention aloud.Nor did he say I lead pray for Allah salaah such and such age facing the Qiblah four rakaaat as imaam or follower. Nor did he say Fulfilling it on time, not making it up, nor the time of fardh all ten of which argon bidah for which no one has reported that he did with an authentic chain, nor even a atonic one, nor musnad, nor mursal, nor a single word. Indeed not one narration of the sahaabah or the best of the following generation (taabieen), nor the four imaams. 9. non reciting Al-Faatihah in the salaah The practice session of Al-Faatihah is a pillar (rukn) and the salaah of whoever does not recite it is void.This is according to the Prophets (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) saying Whoever makes a salaah wherein Al-Faatihah is not recited then it is khidaaj (miscarried) and he repeated it three times incomplete. Muslim from Abu Hurairah too reported in the two saheehs is the hadeeth from Ubaadah Ibn Saamit (radiallahu anhu) marfooan (attri exceptable to the Prophet, sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) The salaah is null for whoever has not recited the Opening of the Book. In another wording from Ubaadah Could it be that you recite shtup your imaam? We said Yes.He said Dont do so except with the Opening of the Book (Al-Faatihah) for the salaah is null of whoever does not recite it. Ahmed, Abu Dawood, At-Tirmidhi, Ibn Hibbaan. This is evidence of its covenant for the follower. Recitation of the follower is absolute or in the aloud prayers as opposed to what is long known. Whether the reading of Al-Faatihah is absolute or just in the prayers recited aloud is an old difference of opinion among the scholars. Is it waajib or dropped? The volume of scholars (al-jumhoor) say it is dropped just doing so is more clear from possible error and more precaution for deen. just ab out of those who have the opinion of it being dropped say that it is nevertheless desirable to recite it. 10. Recitation of the Quraan in rukoo (bowing position) or during sujood (prostration). This is prohibited based on a narration from ibn Abbaas (radiallahu anhu) that the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said I have been prevented from reciting the Quraan while bowing or in prostration Muslim Ali (radiallahu anu) narrates he said The messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam prevented me from reciting the Quraan while bowing or prostrating. Muslim and others 11.Raising the eye to the sky during salaat or sounding to the right and left without due cause. As far as raising the look, it is forbidden and bears the threat of punishment. It is narrated by Jabir Ibn Samurah (radiallahu anhu) who said The Messenger of allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said Let the people stop raising their eyes to the sky in the salaah or let their sight not return to them. Muslim 12. As far as looking roughly unnecessarily, it is a deficiency in the salaah of the worshipper as long as he has not turned his entire organic structure in another direction i. . away from the Qiblah. If however the entire carcass is turned then the salaah is invalidated. It is narrated by Aisha (radiallahu anhaa) who said I asked the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) about looking around in the salaah. He said It is misappropriation pilfered by Shaitaan from the salaah of the worshipper. Al-Bukhaari. At-Tirmidhi also unruffled an authentic hadeeth Be warned of turning or looking around in the salaah because it is destruction. And there ar other ahadeeth on looking around in the salaah. 3. Sitting on ones haunches (Al-Iqaa) during the salaah and prostrating with the elbows (AlIftiraash) on the ground. Al-Iqaa is forbidden as related by Abu Hurairah (radiallahu anhu) who said My dear friend forbade me three things He forbade me from pecking like a rooster just tallyin g the head in prostration trans, sitting on the haunches like a dog, and looking around like a fox. Transmitted by Ahmed and others and its isnaad (chain) has by graded hasan (good) by Al-Mundhiri and Al-Haithami.The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) forbade a man from spreading his arms on the ground like a beast of prey. Summarizing a hadeeth collected by Muslim from Aisha (radiallahu anhaa) as well as by At-Tirmidhi, Ahmed and others from Jaabir (radiallahu anhu) marfooan (attributable to the Prophet) If any of you compresseds (sajdah) then keep straight and not spread his arms like the sitting of a dog. 14. Wearing a thin (see-through) garment that does not fittingly cover the auwrah (private area). This is an invalidator of the salaah because covering ones auwrah is a condition for a sound salaah.The mans aurah is according to what is most authentic from the 1 navel to the knee. Likewise he must(prenominal) cover his shoulders or one of them in accordance with the control of Allah O children of Aadam wear you adornments to every masjid. Al-Araaf 31 It is sufficient to wear a single garment to cover the auwrah according to what is narrated from Umar Ibn Salamah (radiallahu anhu) He saw the Messenger of allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam praying in a single garment (thowub) in the house of Umm Salamah, he had cast both ends over himself. Al-Bukhaari and Muslim Ibn Qudaamah (rahimahullah) stated It is obligatory to cover sufficiently to hide the contort of the skin, for if it is thin enough that the color of the skin may be seen from behind to the extent that the whiteness or redness of the skin is percieved thane salaah in it is not allowed in that covering has not been achieved. 15. A char not covering her head with the khimaar in salaah and not covering her feet. The aurah of the s cleaning woman in the sallah is her entire body with the exception of her face.Nor is there any harm if she covers her face due to the passing by of me n or the like. It is obligatory for her to wear a khimaar which is a head covering that also covers the bosom. This according to his (slallahu aliahi wa sallam) statement Allah does not accept the salaah of the menstruating female unless she is wearing a khimaar. Collected by Ahmed and the collectors of the six most authentic books except An-Nisaai and it has be evidence by Ibn Khuzaimah and others.It is also obligatory that she cover the tops of her feet in compliance with the hadeeth The entire woman is auwrah Collected by AtTirmidhee with an authentic isnaad. Along this homogeneous meaning is what is genetical by Malik and abu Dawood and others from Muhammad Ibn Said Inb Qunfudh from his mother who asked Umm Salamah (radiallahu anhaa), the wife of the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam), about what garment a woman should pray in. She answered She 1The evidence for covering the shoulders is found in an authentic hadeeth in the collection of Abu Dawood, however we were unable to determine why the shaykh exempts one shoulder. should pray in a khimaar and a full, loose-fitting sackful that conceals the tops of her feet. Also with this meaning is the hadeeth of Umm Salamah Lower it by an arms length. 16. Walking in take care of the praying person whether they be the imaam or praying alone and stepping over the people during the Jumuah khutbah. It is a sin upon the person who passes in front of someone who is praying.If the one praying has no sutrah then it shold be estimated to be at the place of prostration so the passerby should can pass beyond that point. As narrated in the collections of al-Bukhari and Muslim by Abu Juhaim Ibn Haarith (radiallahu anhu), who said The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said If the one who passes in front of the praying person knew how serious a sin it was for him to do so it would have been better for him to wait for forty than walk in front of him. Forty may refer to forty days, months or years, and Allah knows best Trans. The one who pushes between the people during the Jumuah khutbah harms people through his being late for the salaah according to the statement of Al-Mustafah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) Sit for you have caused harm and scrape late. Ahmed and others. Cutting between the people is forbidden. One who enters the masjid should sit where there is space unless he sees a genuinely open area where he should then go to it and sit. Not saying the takbeeratul-ihraam (opening takbeer) when entering upon the congregation while the imaam is in rukoo.This is a major mistake in that the takbeeratulihraam is a pillar (rukn) of the salaah that must be done by the one praying when standing for the salaah and then afterwards join the imaum in the bowing position (rukoo). To make the takbeer (al-ihraam) and then another takbeer before giong into rukoo is more complete and thorough. Abu Hurairah (radiallahu anhu) narrated The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) would ma ke takbeer when he stood for the sallah and would then make takbeer upon bowing.Not following the imaam (by getting in the same position) when coming late and the imaam is sitting or in sujood (prostrating). It is most preferred and most sure for the one who enters the masjid that he join the imaam in whatever position he may be in, whether he be in sajdah or otherwise. It is reported by abu Dawood and others with a saheeh isnaad that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said If you fuck off to the salaah and we are making sujood then you also make sujood. For a worshipper to delay making sajdah is to have in effect revented himself from an act of worship which Allah loves. Ali Ibn Abi Talib and Muadh ibn Jabal (radiallahu anhumaa) both stated The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said If one of you comes to the salaah and the imaam is in a position then do what the imaam is doing. This is collected by At-Tirmidhi with a weak isnaad however it is in proportionateness with the preceeding hadeeth. It is also strengthened by a narration collected by Abu Dawood from Muadh (radiallahu anhu) I never saw him (the imaam) in a position except I was also upon it.The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said Verily Muadh has performed an act that is good for you too, so do likewise. Busying oneself with matters that take one away from the salaah. This is evidence of preference of the wordly life over that of the Hereafter, following vain desires and being too fill to obey Allah. This is indeed ruination and of evil consequence to whoever does it. Allah taaala says O you who believe, let not yuor wealthiness or your children divert you from the remembrance of Allah for whyosoever does that will be among the losers. Al-Munafiqoon 9 And He says in praise of the believers Men who are not diverted by business or trade from the remembrance of Allah and performance of salaah. An-Noor 37 Preoccupation with any act over the salaah or that films to being negligant or lazy toward it such as staying up too lateand the like, is not permissible. This is because anything that leads to what is haraam is itself haraam, and Allah is the One who guides to the right path. Playing with ones clothing or befool or the like. This is an act that negates khushoo.The evidence for khushoo has been presented previously in point 5 see August Issue Ed. . The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) forbade rubbing pebbles during the salaah due to its negative effect on khushoo when he said If any of you performs the prayer let him not rub pebbles for mercy is turned towards him. Ahmed and the six 17. 18. 19. 20. collections of hadeeth with an authentic isnaad A person might increase playing around to the point of excessive movement that is outside of the salaah and thereby nullify it. 21.Closing the eyes for no reason. This is a protestable act (makrooh) as Ibn Al-Qayyim (rahimahullah) mentioned Closing the eyes was not f rom the guidance of the Rasool (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam). He also said The scholars of fiqh have differed on its detestability. Imam Ahmed and others deemed it obscene and they said that it was of the habits of the Jews. However a group of them ruled it allowable without any detestablility and they said that it may indeed be a closer means of achieving khushoo which is the tenderness of the salaah, its heart and its aim. Most correct is that if keeping the eyes open has no detrimental effect upon khushoo then it is preferable to do it. If decorations, adornments or the like are around the worshipper or between him and the qiblah to the point of distraction, then there is absolutely no objection to closing the eyes. Indeed the statement that to do so is desirable (mustahabb) in this case is closer to the spirit of the law and its aims than the statement that it is objectionable. And Allah knows best. Eating or drinking or laughing in the salaah therefrom nullifying it. As far as eating and drinking there is consensus with regards to the fardh. Ibn Al-Mundhir stated The scholars (AhlulIlm) are in consensus agreement that the one praying is forbidden from eating and drinking. in that respect is also consensus among them that to do so intentionally necessitates repetition of the salaah. Ibn Al-Mundhir also transmits that there is consensus that the salaah is nullified by laughing. Raising the voice in recitation to the point of distracting those around.It is recommended (mustahabb) that one hears himself, not to the point that it interrupts anyone who is reciting the Quraan or making salaah. Al-Bukhaari and Muslim both transmit from Umraan Ibn Husain (radiallahu anhu) that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) prayed Dhuhr and there was a man behind him reciting sabbihisma rabbikalalaa , so when he (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) finished he said Who among you was reciting or who was the reciter? The man said, Me. So he (sallallahu alaihi w a sallam) said I thought that some of you were dis aiming with me in it.The scholars state The meaning of his words is a disapproval of the act. Ibn Taymiyyah (rahimahullah) stated Whoever is reciting the Quraan and the people are praying additional prayer then it is not correct for him to recite aloud thus disturbing them because the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) left some of his companions while they were praying As-Sahr (before dawn) and he said O people, each of you is seeking salvation from his Rabb therefore do not overpower one another with your recitation. Crowding in on those who are praying.This is a case of forbidden inflicting of harm. It is upon the praying person to pray in a place where the space ends unless he sees an opening sufficient for him to pass and then there is no harm. However, to cause harm, especially on Yaum Al-Jumuah (Friday), is generally forbidden. The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said about those who cut the prayer line Sit, for you have harmed and come late. Not making the lines straight. Allah has uniform the proper performance of salaah saying And establish (aqeemu) the salaah.The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) has likewise stated crystalise your lines for verily straightening of the lines is a part of correct performance of salaah (iqaamis-salaah). Al-Bukhaari and Muslim from Anas. Also AlBukhaari narrates from An-Numaan Ibn Basheer (radiallahu anhu) Straighten your lines or Allah will cause electrical resistance between your hearts. The order to straighten the lines and taking care to do so is mentioned in a number of hadeeth. (It should also be mention that this includes not leaving any gaps in the lines as is all too commonly neglected Ed. Raising the feet from the ground in sujood. This is against what is commanded as it is confirmed in the two saheehs from Ibn Abbaas (radiallahu anhu) The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) was ordered to prostrate upon seven limbs and not to collect up t he hair or the clothes the forehead (including the nose), the (palms of the) two hands, the knees and the two feet. So the one praying is commanded to pray with the two feet touching the ground and the complete form of this is to have the toes pointing toward the Qiblah.Part of each foot should touch the ground and if one raises either of them his sajdah (prostration) is incorrect if he continues to do so throughout the prostration. Putting the right hand upon the left and raising them to the recognize. This is in contradiction to the sunnah because the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) used to put his right hand 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. over his left upon his tit. This is in a hadeeth of Hasan from several weak transmissions in themselves but that in conjunction strengthen themselves.The sunnah is also to place the hands on the middle of the chest or upon the heart because the heart is in the chest as Allah taaala states It is the hearts within the breasts that are blind. Rais ing the hands (making takbeer) when going into sujood or when rising out of it. It is an error to lift the hands to the bang and this opposes the sunnah. What is attributed to Ali (radiallahu anhu) in the explanation of the verse So therefore pray to your Rabb and sacrifice (wanhar in which the verb is construed as referring to the neck an-nahr Ed. ) is weak and does not constitute a proof. Also incorrect is the incorrect practice of holding ones hands upon or below the navel as there is no substantiated proof from the authenticated sunnah for this practice Ed) 28. Raising the hands at the time of sujood or when rising out of sujood. This is in opposition to the well-known sunnah that has been transmitted by most of the companions who narrated about raising the hands. The scholar of (shareeah) cognition should stick with the well-known sunnah unless in privacy though he may believe a deed to be more correct from the sunnah that nonetheless contradicts the practice of the genera lity of the scholars.The imaam of the people should do what is known, for what is commonly and well-known to be the sunnah upon which the majority of the scholars practice, is sufficient and satisfactory. (The wisdom here is that for a student to insist upon public practice of that which is not regarded by the scholars generally as the sunnah may lead to harm and confusion which would amount to forsaking a fardh, i. e. the prevention of harm, for the sake of a establishing a sunnah and one which is not totally agreed upon at that and would thus fall into error.The scholars do not generally unite upon any practice without evidence, although the qualified student may disagree a given judgment or conclusion based upon his understanding of the texts and after sincere and thorough study and reaching a state of being personally satisfied with its outcome. Ed. ) 28. Hastiness of some imaams in the salaah and lack of tranquility within it, thus not allowing time for the followers to be tranquil in their salaah or time to recite Al-Faatihah, especially in the last rakah.The imam is responsible for making the quality of the salaah good because he is being followed. It is therefore his duty to take care of following the Sunnah, and tranquility is a pillar (rukn) that the imam is more obliged to take care of due to his being followed. Likewise, the recitation of Al-Faatihah is a rukn that the followers in the salaah must be given enough time to fulfill. We have already presented the evidence for the obligation of maintaining tranquility (tamaneenah) and reciting Al-Faatihah. 9. Not taking care to make sujood upon the seven limbs (i. e. the forehead on with the nose, the palms of both hands, both knees, and the toes of both feet). Abbaas Ibn AbulMuttalib (radiallahu anhu) reported that he heard the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) saying If the slave prostrates, then seven body parts should prostrate with him His face, hands, two knees, and his two fee t. Related by Muslim, also attributed to Al-Majd in Al-Muntaqaa, Al-Muzzee and related by others.Ibn Abbaas (radiallahu anhumaa) narrated The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said I have been ordered to prostrate upon seven bones (i. e. body parts) Upon the forehead and he pointed to his nose both hands, both knees and both feet. There are some people who do not prostrate upon both the forehead and the nose or who raise their feet or who do not touch the palms of their hands on the ground, all of which is in opposition to what is commanded. 30. Not caring to learn the rules of salaah. This is other than what any Muslim should do.No doubt salaah is the great of the Islamic pillars requiring bodily action. Allah commands its performance Aqimis-Salaah (Perform the salaah) in more than seventy ayaat. It is not possible to perform it without having knowledge of its fundamentals or knowing how the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) did the salaah. There is no room for ignoranc e of the rules of salaah, knowing its prerequisites or its essential parts, obligations, the rules for following or making up for errors and the like.It is fardh to know these matters and the absence of knowledge of these matters is a cause of a Muslim being unaware of what nullifies or spoils his salaah, and Allah is the Guide and Provider of Success. 31 34. Carelessness in reciting Al-Faatihah and with proper pronunciation such as saying al-Aalimeen instead of al-Aalameen, ahdinaa instead of ihdinaa, anamtu instead of anamta, and so on. All of these and similar errors are the type of linguistic errors that must be avoided and no one who leads the salaat should pull out them.Some may contain impossible meanings such as when one pronounces the t (taa) in anamta as da (daad) and thus the salaat would be spoiled. 35. Cracking the knuckles in salaah. This is from the detested actions in the salaah and is thus forbidden. As far as cracking the knuckles in general, Ibn Abi Shaibah narr ates in a statement with good isnaad, from Shubah Mawlaa ibn Abbaas as stating I prayed next to Ibn Abbaas and I cracked my knuckles so when I finished my salaah he said, May you lose your mother You crack your knuckles while you are in salaah? Forbiddance of cracking the knuckles is transmitted in a marfoo hadeeth from Ali in the collection of Ibn Maajah, however, it is weak (daeef)and not sufficient in an of itself (ghairu munjabir). 36. Intertwining the fingers (at-tashbeek) during and before the salaah. This is also among the detestable matters. Kaab Ibn Ujrah (radiallahu anhu) narrates I heard the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) saying If one of you makes wudhoo then goes to the masjid for salaah, let him not clasp his hands together for indeed he is in the salaah. Ahmed, Abu Dawood, At-Tirmidhi.With some difference regarding its chain, AdDaarimi, Al-Haakim and others transmit from Abu Hurairah in a marfoo hadeeth If one of you makes wudhoo in his house then co mes to the masjid, he is in salaah until he returns. Therefore do not do not do like this and he clasped his fingers together. There are other mutually supporting hadeeths on this matter of tashbeek. 37. Putting forward someone to lead the salaah as imaam when it is not his place to do so and there are others more deserving present. This contradicts the intended purpose of having an imaam (al-imaamah), which is to be an example to follow (al-iqditaa).It is necessary that the imaam have understanding of the deen and is able to powerful recite the Quraan according to the satatement of the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) The imaam of a people should be the one who best recites the Quraan) Transmitted by Muslim from Abu Masood Al-Ansaari (radiallahu anhu). The scholars have ruled that one should not be put forward as imaam whose recitation is not good, or who openly displays sinfulness, or who has an undignified appearance, or who is an innovator, or who is corrupt or like them .If however, such people are put forward, the salaah of the followers is correct. 38. Improper recitation of the Quraan. This is an open deficiency and the right of the Quraan is that it be read correctly without aberration and that the Muslim strives to improve and excel in its recitation. Allah taalaa states Recite the Quraan with tarteel correct measured tone and When we teach you the Quraan, follow its recitation. Meaning, recitation as is proper according to the Arabic language, with clarity and free from distortion.On this same line is the transcendency of the one who purifies his intention as is narrated by Kaisha (radiallahu anhaa) who said The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said, The one who is proficient with the Quraan will be with the scribes (angels) honorable and obedient. While the one who recites the Quraan haltingly and finds difficulty (while striving to recite it properly) gets a stunt man reward. matafaqun alaih 39. Some men praying behind wo men in the Haram (The Grand Masjid) of Makkah.Doing so there or elsewhere is a detestable action in the salaah. It is from the sunnah that the rows of the women are behind those of the men. The salaah of a man behind a women may be a cause of him losing all khushoo and a disturbance in the salaat through his looking (at the woman) or otherwise. A man should therefore never line up for salaah behind a woman. This is not detestable if due to necessity such as not deficient the Eid salaah, or Salaatul-Jumuah, or the congregational salaah and other similar situations (i. . that make it impossible to join the front rows with the men Trans. ). A group of scholars have stated The Haram of Makkah is an exception. Shaykh Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baz (may Allah preserve him) is of this opinion. 40. Women coming to the masjid beautified or represent and perfumed. This is one of the open and witnessed evils that become apparent during Ramadhan and outside it. The woman is coming out to worship her Ma ster, not to show off the beauty of her clothingPerhaps men may see her and she would then be sinful and she would suffer a loss of reward for her deed. The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) stated Let not any woman who is scented attend the Ishaa with us. Muslim Imam Ahmed transmits along with Abu Dawood with an authentic chain from Abu Hurairah (radiallahu anhu) that the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) said Do not forbid the bondwomen of Allah from the houses of Allah, and let them go out tafilaat. The meaning of the word tafilaat is Not beautified with adornments or perfumed.